Cultural Anthropology Exam 3

leveling devices

cultural practices aimed at the limiting the accumulation of wealth and power

consequences of viewing power as independent

-people can tap into that power if they can discover how

-people can only tap into that power if they don't upset the balance of the universe

-violence and access to power are generally seen as contradictory

-people can resist power

alienation

the separation workers experience between their innermost sense of identity and the labor they are forced to do in order to survive

free agency

freedom of choice

countering power

resistance - physical or not

counter-hegemony

new power

-power is dynamic, it changes over time

-new governments form

-new institutions form

-relationships between individuals can change

power and violence

when human beings are influenced so that there actual somatic/mental realizations are below their potential realizations

structural violence

the violence is built into the structure and shows up as unequal power and consequently

structure

the social organization, power, relations, roles and identities in a society

more on structural violence

also called social injustice

-key is inequality

violence is literally built into the structure of societies

-generally unnoticeable

inequality

the condition of being unequal in terms of power economic status opportunity and so forth

-found only in stratified societies

race

cultural classification based on biological differences in humans in terms of skin color, eye color, hair type, body shape, and so forth

racial classification

-race is an old concept

-western concepts of race stem from 18th century European classification

race is a cultural concept

biological differences exist between human groups

-ideas about what groups or races exist is entirely cultural

cline

a gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next

ethnicity

cultural classification based on selected cultural characteristics such as language, religion, or dress

-often linked to subcultures

class

a ranked group who's membership is defined by wealth, occupation or other economic criteria

caste

a ranked group that is closed, prohibiting individual movement from one caste to another

-prototypical example of class system: India

history of globalization

-countries had contact with one another but was generally restricted

-this changed with European voyagers of discovery and lay European colonization

development of nation states

the end of colonization wasted to the development of nation-states after world war II

cold war politics

-began after world war II

-at this time advanced in technology allowed for greater access to travel and communication

-cultural exchange was limited in many cases to capitalist learning countries and communities

neoliberalism

-political view that emphasize the importance of economic growth via free market forces

-emerged on global scale, after the end of the cold war

-focus shifts from nation states as independent entries to world economics

-neoliberalism combined with additional advances in travel technology have resulted in a new global world

region coalitions and the UN

-greater emphasis on regional coalition and the UN

-examples: NATO(1949), European union(1993), African Union(2002

-regional coalitions and UN make policies and guidelines

womens rights and culture

-female genital cutting

-legal rights - family planning

globalization

flows of people, technology, wealth, images, and ideologies (cultures around the world)

manufacturing

-panara, karyapo and other native groups existed on the amazon for millennia

-contact occurred with road building and later deforestation

-immigration from periphery to the core has resulted in a surplus of labor in many cities

-surplus leads to cheap labor

-cheap labor available leads companies to move manufacturing to these areas

internal immigration

from peripheral to core

city of joy

-green revolution provided new versions of rice and grains

-but new means costly industrial fertilizers

-small farmers pushed out farmlands and move to the city

-shanty towns, poor health, poor working condition

external immigration

-less develops to move developed countries

globalization as cultural imerialism

the idea that some cultures dominate other, the culture that dominates destructs the subordinate cultures and other replacement by the culture of those in power

problems of globalization

-assumes lack of agency of non-western society

-assumes non-western people, technology

globalization as a cultural hybridity

-cultural borrowing

-old term in anthropology "boars"

-borrowing with modification

exogamy

marriage outside of a defined social group

incest taboos

prohibitions against marrying "relatives"