Unit Seven: Natural Selection- essential knowledge

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What is natural selection

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35 Terms

1

What is natural selection

mechanism of evolution

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2

How is evolutionary fitness measured

reproductive success

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3

What does natural selection act on

phenotypic variations in poopulations

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4

How does environmental change impact populations

applying selective pressures

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5

How do humans affect variation in other species

artificial selection

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6

When does convergent evolution occur

when similar selective pressures result in similar phenotypic adaptions in different populations or species

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7

By which random occurrences does evolution occur

mutations, genetic drift (bottlenecks and founder effect), migrations/gene flow

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8

How can differences in populations of the same species increase

reduction of genetic variation

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9

What is the flow of evolution through mutation

mutation to genetic variation to phenotypes to natural selection

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10

When is the Hardy-Weinberg model used and what are the conditions

used for describing and predicting allele frequencies in a nonevolving population. condition: large population size, absence of migration no net mutations, random mating, absence of selection

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11

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation

p2 + 2pq +q2 = 1

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12

What is evidence of evolution in a population

changes in allele frequencies

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13

Which populations are most susceptible to random environmental impact

small populations

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14

Where is evolution supported

geography, geology, physical, biochemical, mathematical data

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15

How can fossils be dated

age of surrounding rocks, rate of carbon 1-4 decay, geographical data

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16

What do morphological homologies represent

features shared by common ancestry

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17

What provides evidence for evolution and common ancestry

comparison of DNA nucleotide sequences and/or protein amino acid sequences

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18

What evidence supports the relatedness of organisms in all domains

structural and functional evidence

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19

What structural evidence indicates common ancestry in all eukaryotes

membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes, genes with introns

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20

What continuous evolutionary support is there within populations

genomic changes over time, continuous changes in the fossil record, resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, chemo drugs, development of pathogens

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21

at do phylogenetic trees and cladograms model

phylogenetic trees- relationship between lineages, amount of change over time
cladograms- relationship between lineages

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22

How are phylogenetic trees and cladograms created

analyzing loss or gain of genetic traits within a species population

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23

Which type of data is best for phylogenetic trees and cladograms

molecular data

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24

What can phylogenetic trees and cladograms show

speciation

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25

Where can phylogenetic trees and cladograms be constructed from

morphological similarities of living or fossil species in DNA or protein sequences

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26

What do phylogenetic trees and cladograms represent

constantly revised hypotheses

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27

When does speciation occur

two populations become reproductively isolated from eachouther

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28

What are species

a group capable of interbreeding and exchanging genetic information to produce viable, fertile offspring

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29

What is punctuated equilibrium versus gradualism

punctuated equilibrium- rapid evolution after long stasis
gradualism- evolutions over hundreds thousands of years or more

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30

When does divergent evolution occur

new habitats results in phenotypic diversification

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31

What are the two forms of speciation

sympatric or allo patric

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32

what maintains reproductive isolation and prevent gene flow between populations

prezygotic and postzygotic mechanisms

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33

How can niches be affected by extinction

creates new spaces of explotation

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34

How does genetic diversity influence populations survavial

diversity increases ability to responded to environmental changes

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35

What is geological evidence for the origins of life

formed 4.6 billion years ago (bya) with hostile environmens until 3.9 bya with early fossils at 3.5 bya

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