Chapter 1 Review-Shawn Hong

Review Flashcards for chapter 1 test-Med Bio

Technology

Application of scienfitif knowledge for practical purposes.

Benefits

Favorable effects of the solution

Costs/Risks

unfavorable effects of the solution

Research and Development

Scientists ask questions to learn about a phenomenon, and engineers design solutions to problems related to that phenomenon.

Engineering design process

An iterative method used to develop or improve technology.

Iterative

Repeating steps that are not always in a fixed order.

Criteria

A standard on which a solution can be based. (Wants)

Constraints

Limitations that a design or solution must stay within.

Tradeoff

Exchange for one thing in return for another.

Decision Matrix

A table that lists each criterion, their weight (importance), and how well a design idea meets that criteria.

Prototype

The first build of a design and may not built to scale or with the final materials.

Life cycle analysis

Attempts to evaluate the real cost of a new technology or design. Also considers environmental impact

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Method of identifying the strengths and weakness of a design.

Disturbance

Refers to anything that cause change to the environment. (Physical, chemical, biological agents)

Natural Disturbance

Disturbances caused by nature (fires, natural disasters).

Human-Caused disturbance

disturbances caused by humans (pollution, clearing forests, capturing wildlife.)

Flux

fluctuation; changes up and down.

Viability

Livability or survivability in an ecosystem

Resilience

The ability of an ecosystem to bounce back after a disturbance

Genetic Diversity

how much variation in DNA is among a group of species.

Resistance

The ability of an ecosystem to resit change caused by disturbances.

Ecological succession

A series of biotic changes that occurs on bare land to create a community.

Primary succession

When an ecosystem is created from bare rock.

Secondary Succession

When a ecosystem is developed on bare soil.

Population Density

How many individuals living in a given space.

Density

How much matter in a given space

Population Density formula

# of individuals/area of land (unit²)

Population Dispersion

how organisms separate themselves

Clumped Dispersion

A pattern of population dispersion that occurs where resources are spread unevenly (protection from predators+helps find mate)

Uniform Dispersion

A pattern of population dispersion that occurs when individuals compete for limited resources/territory

Random Dispersion

A pattern of population dispersion that is least common where individuals are spread randomly (plant seeds scattered by wind, water, animals)

Mark and Recapture

A method of measuring population size where you tag animals in an ecosystem and recapture them later to gather data

Quadrat Sampling

Uses grids to measure the population size in a given quadrant of land to serve as a sample which we can base off our calculation of the total population size

Exponential Growth

Rapid growth that increases between each interval (when ecosystem has plenty of resources)

Logistic growth

A period of rapid growth but eventually levels off. (when populations are running low on resources.)

Carrying Capacity

Maximum number of individuals that the environment can sustain and support.

Limiting Factors

Factors that can affect the carrying capacity.

Density-Dependent limiting factors

factors related to the population that effect carrying capacity (competition, predation, parasitism and disease).

Density-Independent limiting factors

Limiting factors outside of the population that effect carrying capacity (weather, natural disasters, human activities).

Systems

A set of interacting components or parts

Inputs

What goes into a system (energy, matter, information)

Outputs

What goes out of a system (energy, matter, information)

Opened system

Both inputs and outputs flow in and out freely (energy, matter, information)

Closed system

The flow of input and output is limited (only energy and information)

Isolated system

Inputs and outputs are contained

Feedback

A response from controls of a system to trigger the cycling of inputs and outputs.

Feedback Loop

Feedback becomes an input, which results in an output, and becomes a new input, and the cycle repeats.

Emergent Property

A property that a system has but that its component pasts do not have (big picture)

Geosphere

Part of the Earth that is ground/rock

Hydrosphere

Part of the Earth that is water

Biosphere

Part of the Earth that is living

Atmosphere

Part of the Earth that is air

Anthrosphere

Part of the Earth that is human-made

Levels of Ecosystems (small to big)

organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.

Terrestrial

Land based ecosystem

Aquatic

Water Based ecosystem (marine and freshwater)

Characteristics of living things

1. made of one or more cells

2. grow

3. reproduce

4. evolve

5. respond to environmental changes

6. maintain homeostasis

Homeostasis

Stable internal conditions

Habitat

Where the organism lives

Ecological Niche

How the organism lives in the environment (Food sources, Abiotic Factors, Behaviors)

Ecosystem

Collection of habitats

Predation

When one organism captures and eats another oganism

Competition

When organism compete for limited resources (food shelter, water)

Symbiosis

Relationships between different organisms

Mutualism (Symbiosis)

Both species benefit

Commensalism

One benefit and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

Parasitism

One benefits and the other is harmed

Biodiversity

The measure of the number of different species found in an area.

Biodiversity Hotspot

An area with high levels of biodiversity

Key Stone species

A single species of individuals that has a strong effect on an entire ecosystem.

Human activities that Affect Biodiversity

1. Clearing land

2. Growing food

3. building roads

4. pesticides

5. Introduction of new plants and animals