english mits final

relative clause

relative clause

-has a subject and verb, but can't stand alone as a sentence - will always begin with one of these relative pronouns: who, whom, who's, that and which

relative pronoun

-a relative clause begins with this -it substitutes for a noun or a pronoun when sentences are combined (Ex; who = relative pronoun, used for= people)

Essential Relative Clauses

-gives information that is needed to define the noun. NEVER use commas to set off an essential clause.

Non-Essential Relative Clauses

-give extra information that is not essential to the meaning of a sentence. Use a comma or commas to set off non-essential relative clauses.

Independant Clause

-contains a subject, verb, and a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence.

Dependant Clause

-contains a subject and a verb, but does not contain a complete thought.

Phrase

-a word group that does not contain its own subject and verb. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.

AAAWWUBBIS

-helps you to remember the subordinating conjunctions. -Stands for: After Although As When / Whenever While Until Because Before If Since

AAAWWUBBIS in front of a sentence, the sentence becomes a

dependant clause

If you leave a dependent clause or a phrase by itself, what sentence error do you create?

Sentence fragment

A phrase or dependent clause cannot stand alone but can be used as an...

opener

Subject

a person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something

Verb

shows an actions/indicates a state of being

Sentence Fragment

an incomplete sentence, parts of a sentence that aren't ordered properly

Linking verbs

verbs that indicate a state of being \(Ex; am, is, are, was, were, be, been, seem, look, appear, taste)

Helping verbs

verbs that work with a main verb to create a verb phrase (Ex; am, is, are, was, be, been, being, would, have, has, had, were, do, does, did, can, could, should, may, must, might, will shall)

Participial phrases

-consist of a verb form ending in -en, -ed, or -ing, that functions as an adjective -should always be placed next to the word or words that they are modifying (Ex; Shaken and disturbed, Aaron turned off the television)

Absolute Phrases

-may contain a subject but contain no acting verb ( p & ab phrases-these two types of phrases modify the whole sentence, not just a noun & are the most likely to be set off with commas) (Ex; Aaron stared down at the floor, his hands shaking and his heart racing)

Appositive Phrases

-restate, redefine, or rename a noun -should always be placed next to the word/words that it modifies (Ex; Mr. Stevens, my Psychology teacher, is an interesting man)

Participial Phrase Alone/Fragment

Ex; Hoping that his mother would arrive soon

Participial Phrase As Opener

Ex; Hoping that his mother would arrive soon, Steve paced impatiently

Participial Phrase As Interrupter

Steve, pacing impatiently, hoped that his mother would arrive soon

Absolute Phrase Alone/Fragment

Ex; His arms shaking nervously at his side

Absolute Phrase As Opener

Ex; His arms shaking nervously at his sides, Steve paced impatiently

Absolute Phrase Alone/Fragment 2

Ex; His sparkling new Nikes squeaking with each cut

Absolute Phrase As Closer

Ex; Joe dribbled up court, his sparkling new Nikes squeaking with each cut

Absolute Phrase As Interrupter

Ex; Joe, his sparkling new Nikes squeaking with each cut, dribbled up court

Appositive Phrase As Opener

Ex; A well-respected and experienced teacher, Mr. Jones was ready for a new challenge and wished to become a school counselor

Appositive Phrase As Interrupter

Mr. Jones, a well-respected and experienced teacher, wished to become a school counselor

Appositive Phrase As Closer

A good choice for counselor would be Mr. Jones, a well-respected and experienced teacher