MODERN- Crime

MODERN- Crime

crimes in modern

• homophobic crime

• race crime

• domestic violence

• abortion

• driving offences

• drug taking

• cyber crime

• fraud

• copyright theft

• extortion

• smuggling

HOMOPHOBIC CRIME- what act decriminalised homosexuality, for who and when

• 1967 Sexual Offenses Act

• decriminalised homosexuality for men over 21

HOMOPHOBIC CRIME- what was the next act about homophobic crime and what did it do

• 2005 Criminal Justice Act

• gave the courts new powers to issue more severe sentences for hate crime including homophobic crimes

• now classified as a hate crime and treated more seriously

HOMOPHOBIC CRIME- what happened before the Criminal Justice Act if a person was attacked for being LGBTQ

it was treated the same as any other crime

HOMOPHOBIC CRIME- when was age of consent lowered and to what age

• 2000

• lowered to 16

HOMOPHOBIC CRIME- factors for change and why

• changes in societal attitudes- people began to believe homosexuality okay

• government- had more power and passed the laws about it

• people had more freedom

HOMOPHOBIC CRIME- why is this change significant

homosexuality had been a crime for hundreds of years before, so big change

RACE CRIME- why did Britain become more multicultural

• in 1950s, many people from Commonwealth countries moved to Britain for work

RACE CRIME- why were laws therefore needed to do with race

ensured people from different minority groups treated fairly

RACE CRIME- when was the first act about race and what did it do

• 1968 Race Relations Act

• made it illegal to refuse jobs, housing or public services to anyone on the basis of their race, ethnic background or country of origin

RACE CRIME- when was the Race Relations Act extended and what was it extended to

• 2006

• extended to define spreading racial or religious hatred as a crime

RACE CRIME- factors for change and why

• multiculturalism- never happened before so law not needed, but now they are and so put in place for equality and fairness

• WW2- more workers needed so more came, leading to increased multiculturalism and need for the law

• attitudes of society- people wanted equality, and other people were being violent so needed this law

• role of gov- increasing as they are passing the acts that make this illegal

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- what was the common view on domestic violence in the 19th century

• believed that men were the dominant partners in the relationship

• if they were violent towards their wives or partners that was their personal business and the authorities had no place interfering

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- why did attitudes in society change towards women and domestic violence in the 20th century

• campaign for women’s votes at the beginning of the century

• women’s contribution to WW1 and WW2

• 1960s campaigns for equal rights for women

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- first act for domestic violence, year and what it did

• 1976 Domestic Violence Act

• gave victims the right to ask for an injunction against a violent partner

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- when were the next two changes to the Domestic Violence Act and what were these changes

• 1991- law changed to recognise rape in marriage and possible to prosecute a husband for raping his wife

• 2014- law changed to make controlling and coercive behaviour towards a partner a crime

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- examples of the controlling or coercive behaviour added in 2014

• telling a partner who they can see

• what they wear

• stopping access to money

• controlling their access to a phone

• controlling when they leave the home

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- despite laws how many women are killed a week in Eng and Wales by their partner

2

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- when was the act that outlined the definition of domestic abuse and what is its definition

• 2021 Domestic Abuse Act

• now a statutory definition of domestic abuse to include physical, emotional, controlling or coercive and economic abuse

• children who witness this are classified as victims

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- factors for change and why

• reformers and protests- makes people listen and people in power make changes

• role of gov- put into action laws and changes

• attitudes of society- due to decline in religion, which taught that men were better than women, has changed and so people in society thought differently

• humanitarianism- people realise abusing women is wrong and needs to be changed

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- why was the change significant and how fast was it

• significant as the view that men were better than women existed for all of society for all time until this point so dramatic change

• also sped up and changed very quickly; rapid change

ABORTION- what did women have to do before abortions became legal

• resort to dangerous backstreet abortions carried out by someone without proper medical training

• some women tried to end their pregnancies themselves using alcohol, wire coat hangers or poisons, all of which were very dangerous to the womans health and some led to death

ABORTION- when were there protests about this

1960s

ABORTION- law legalising it, when and its name

• 1967 Abortions Act

ABORTION- what conditions did the Abortions Act lay out for when an abortion could take place

• child was going to have serious disabilities

• mother at risk of serious physical or mental harm if the pregnancy continued

• had to be agreed by two doctors independently

ABORTION- what year was the Act changed and what was the change

• 1968

• legal limit for abortion 28 weeks, as babies born earlier did not survive outside of the womb

• with advances in medicine, the limit has been lowered to before 24 weeks

ABORTION- factors for change and why

• changes in attitudes= people and society believed that abortion should be ok and allowed for the safety of the mother

• protests and reformers= people who have these beliefs fought for progress and what they believed, causing the law to change

ABORTION- rate of change and why

• slow change

• became better and better over time but progress came with small changes and even today there are lots of people against it

DRIVING OFFENSES- continuity

• driving a horse-drawn coach while drunk first became illegal in 1872

• became illegal to drive a car while drunk in 1925

DRIVING OFFENSES- when was law about drink driving and what did it outline

• 1967

• set a new law for the max limit of alcohol a person could have in their bloodstream and legally drive

DRIVING OFFENSES- what type of crime was this and why

• social crime; despite the law, it was considered normal to drive home after drinking large quantities of alcohol as late as 70s

• public attitudes very lenient

DRIVING OFFENSES- what caused attitudes about drinking and driving to change

• government advertising campaigns since the 70s have highlighted the risks of drink driving and attitudes changed considerably as awareness has grown

• now generally condemned by the public

DRIVING OFFENSES- factors for change and why

• role of gov- made the laws and advertised the dangers of drink driving to change it from being a social crime to people not liking it

• gov led to changes in attitudes as people began to believe this was less ok

DRUG TAKING- what act illegalised lots of drugs and when

1971 Misuse of Drugs Act

DRUG TAKING- arguments for and against

• for= taking drugs should be a personal choice as long as it doesn’t harm others

• against= argue legislation needed to help tackle crimes associated with illegal drug-dealing including sex trafficking and gang related violence

DRUG TAKING- factors for change

• role of gov- passed the act

• attitudes- debate over drug use

TERRORISM- what is it

• use of violence, fear and intimidation to publicise a political cause

• want to recruit others who are sympathetic to their cause and intimidate those who don’t share their views

TERRORISM- continuity

• 17th century, Guy Fawkes and other Gunpowder plotters challenged the power and authority of the state using violence

TERRORISM- recent terrorist orgs and what they were violent for

• IRA in the 70s and 80s - used violence to campaign for Irish nationalism

• Al-Qaeda and ISIS- responsible for acts of terror in Europe

TERRORISM- factors for change and why

• attitudes of society- more radical ideas means more forceful terrorists wanting to put their ideas forwards

• structure of society- gov more important and therefore wants to protect itself and its ideas from threat

• technology- ideas able to spread much further online; most places much faster

CYBER CRIME- what is it

any crime that is carried out using the internet and other digital technologies

CYBER CRIME- continuity

many of these crimes previously carried out using different means

CYBER CRIME- factors for change and why

• tech- allows for new form of crime; people have lots of money and information that can be taken globally and much easier to commit

• scientific development- caused this tech to be made and more widespread

FRAUD- what is it

impersonating other people or businesses to make money illegally e.g. posing as a bank or charity to get hold of an individual’s bank details and steal their money

FRAUD- continuity

• would’ve been done by approaching individuals and tricking them into revealing their details

• same crime different method

FRAUD- how is it done today

sending emails to large number of people and hoping a few will reply with their details

FRAUD- factors for change

• tech- allowed crime to adapt to modern world; much easier to commit as can be done from own home

COPYRIGHT THEFT- what is it

the right of an artist or company to be recognise and paid as the creator of their work; applies to books, music, films and games

COPYRIGHT THEFT- how was previously done in 20th century

• involved making a photocopy or cassette or video without paying the creator

COPYRIGHT THEFT- how is it done in the 21st century and why

• copyright theft committed when people make available illegal downloads of music, computer games, films and TV shows

• internet makes it easier for people to access huge selections of media quicker and easier

COPYRIGHT THEFT- what type of crime is it and why

• social crime

• it benefits people as people want to have these things for free

• also widely available so seen as the norm

COPYRIGHT THEFT- factors for change and why

• tech- makes copyright theft much easier to carry out and much harder to enforce and catch

• more people have access to and want media but don’t want to pay

• attitudes of society- people don’t believe it’s a crime and therefore hard to enforce, making it a social crime

EXTORTION- what is it

making someone pay money by using threats or blackmail

EXTORTION- continuity

may have been done using letters, telephones or in person

EXTORTION- today

internet enables criminals to make their threats on a wider scale as they are able to communicate easily with people around the world

EXTORTION- factors for change and why

• tech- allows criminals worldwide access to everyone and easy to make threats on a larger scale

• building of society- more businesses and wealth means more to steal

SMUGGLING- what made smuggling increasingly difficult to prevent

better transport

SMUGGLING- what is commonly smuggled now and why

• tobacco and alcohol smuggled into the country every day as they are cheaper on the continent and is bigger public demand

• illegal drugs; biggest profit smuggling and has risen in last 40 years

SMUGGLING- why does drug crimes mean more smuggling

the law prevents drugs so they are always smuggled

SMUGGLING- factors for change and why

• transport- easier for smugglers to get goods in undetected so more people commit the crime

• social attitudes- people believe smuggling is okay for the goods they want so is a social crime

• economy- more goods more expensive in the UK so want alternatives

PEOPLE TRAFFICKING- what is it

• form of smuggling

• involves people from poorer countries being brought to the UK and being forced to work very hard for low to no wages

• some women and children forced into prostitution

PEOPLE TRAFFICKING- who controls these people and how

• criminal gangs control these people

• use physical confinement, blackmail, coercion and fear

PEOPLE TRAFFICKING- continuity

in the 19th century poor girls were sold into prostitution

PEOPLE TRAFFICKING- factors for change and why

• population growth- more people to extort and more who want to

• attitudes of society- human rights now a thing and we know this is wrong

• tech- easier to get away with this crime