Social Psych Test Prep Exam 4 | Quizlet

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to harm another person or persons (or any other living thing).

Affective Aggression

Harm-seeking done to another person that is elicited in response to some negative emotion.

Instrumental Aggression

Harm-seeking done to another person that serves some other goal.

Collateral Damage

Wide-ranging effects on witnesses and those close to the victim

Eros

Freud's term for what he proposed is the human inborn instinct to seek pleasure and to create

Thanatos

Freud's term for what he proposed is the human inborn instinct to aggress and to destroy.

Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC)

is active when people detect actions and outcomes that interfere with their goals, including social threats/unjustified wrongdoings

Hypothalamus and Amygdala

involved in the experiences of fear and anger, which often elicit aggressive behaviors.

Prefrontal Cortex

The region of the brain that regulates impulsive behavior.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that regulates our experience of negative affect.

Frustration Aggression Hypothesis

Originally the idea that aggression is always preceded by frustration and that frustration inevitably leads to aggression.

Revised to suggest that frustration produces an emotional readiness to aggress.

Displaced Aggression

Aggression directed to a target other than the source of one's frustration.

Triggered Displaced Aggression

Occurs when someone does not respond to an initial frustration but later responds more aggressively than would be warranted to a second event

Cognitive Neoassociationism model

A model of aggression that emphasizes three causal factors: stressors, hostile feelings, and cues associated with aggression.

Weapons Effect

The tendency for the presence of firearms to increase the likelihood of aggression, especially when people are frustrated.

Culture of Honor

A culture defined by its members' strong concerns about their own and others' reputations, leading to sensitivity to insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived wrong

Hostile Attribution Bias

The tendency to attribute hostile intent to others' actions, even when others' intentions are innocent.

Prosocial Behavior

Action by an individual that is intended to benefit another individual or set of individuals.

Functional Approach

People's actions are motivated by some degree

of self-interest; egotistic motivations for helping (James, 1890)

Altruistic Approach

Helping is the result of a desire to help another

person purely for the other person's benefit, regardless of benefit to self (Batson, 1991).

Kin Selection

The idea that natural selection led to greater tendencies to help close kin than to help those with whom we have little genetic relationship.

Norm of Reciprocity

An explanation for why we give help: If I help you today, you might be more likely to help me tomorrow.

Social Exchange Theory

A theory which maintains that people provide help to someone else when the benefits of helping and the costs of not helping outweigh the potential costs of helping and the benefits of not helping.

Empathy-Altruism Model

The idea that the reason people help others depends on how much they empathize with them. When empathy is low, people help others when benefits outweigh costs; when empathy is high, people help others even at costs to themselves.

Empathy Gap

The underestimation of other people's experience of physical pain as well as the pain of social rejection.

Communal Orientation

A frame of mind in which people don't distinguish between what's theirs and what is someone else's.

The Bystander Effect

A phenomenon in which a person who witnesses another in need is less likely to help when there are other bystanders present to witness the event.

Pluralistic Ignorance

A situation in which individuals rely on others to identify a norm but falsely interpret others' beliefs and feelings, resulting in inaction.

Diffusion of Responsibility

A situation in which the presence of others prevents any one person from taking responsibility (e.g., for helping).

Urban Overload Hypothesis

The idea that city dwellers avoid being overwhelmed by stimulation by narrowing their attention, making it more likely that they overlook legitimate situations where help is needed

Altruistic Personality

A collection of personality traits, such as empathy, that render some people more helpful than others.

Psychological Need

A mechanism for regulating behavior to acquire the tangible or intangible resources necessary for survival and well-being.

Lonliness

The feeling that one is deprived of human social connections.

Proximity

The physical nearness of others. It is a major factor determining who we form relationships with.

Reward Model of Liking

A model which proposes that people like other people whom they associate with positive stimuli and dislike people whom they associate with negative stimuli.

Transference

A tendency to map on, or transfer, feelings for a person who is known onto someone new who resembles that person in some way.

Existential Isolation

The sense that one is alone in one's experience and that others cannot understand one's perspective. One can feel existentially isolated even with many social interactions.

Gain-Loss Theory

A theory of attraction which posits that liking is highest for others when they increase their positivity toward you over time.

Propinquity Effect

Relationship development requires phsyical closeness

Halo Effect

The tendency to assume that people with one positive attribute also have other positive traits

Averageness Effect

The tendency to perceive a composite image of multiple faces that have been photographically averaged as more attractive than any individual face included in that composite.

Cis-Gender

Heterosexual individuals who identify with the gender that is consistent with their assigned sex at birth.

Transgender

People who identify with a gender that is different from their assigned sex at birth.

Parental Investment

The time and effort that parents must invest in each child they produce.

Mating Strategies

Approaches to mating that help people reproduce successfully. People prefer different mating strategies depending on whether they are thinking about a short-term pairing or a long-term commitment.

Closeness involves six components:

knowledge, caring, interdependence, mutuality, trust, commitment

Knowledge

People in close relationships are comfortable sharing intimate information about their personal histories, feelings, and desires that they do not share with casual friends

Interdependence

A situation in which what each person does significantly influences what the partner does over long periods of time.

Caring

People in close relationships feel more care, or affection, for one another than they do for most others.

Trust

People in close relationships also trust each other, meaning that they expect their partners to treat them with fairness, to be responsive to their needs, and not to cause them unnecessary harm

Mutuality

Partners' acknowledgment that their lives are intertwined and thinking of themselves as a couple ("us") instead of as two separate individuals ("me" and "you").

Commitment

Partners' investment of time, effort, and resources in their relationship, with the expectation that it will continue indefinitely.

Parasocial Relationships

Individuals' relationships with people in the media, including celebrities, television characters, and athletes.

Attachment Theory - Loves Foundation

Proposes that most people seek security from their romantic relationships much as they once did from their parents. The nature of that original child-parent bond affects the nature of subsequent adult close relationships

Terror Management Theory - Love and Death

Suggests that love and close relationships help us to buffer the dread of being aware of our mortality

Self Expansion Model - Love as a Basis of Growth

Posits that love relationships often are valuable paths to personal grow

Working Models of Relationships

Global feelings about the nature and worth of close relationships and other people's trustworthiness.

Securely Attached

An attachment style characterized by a positive view of self and others, low anxiety and avoidance, and stable, satisfying relationships.

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

An attachment style characterized by a negative view of the self but a positive view of others, high anxiety, low avoidance, and intense but unstable relationships.

Fearfully Avoidant Attachment

An avoidant attachment style characterized by a negative view of both self and others, high avoidance and high anxiety, and distant relationships, in which the person doesn't feel worthy, doesn't trust others, and fears rejection.

Dismissive Avoidant Attachment

An avoidant attachment style characterized by a negative view of others but a positive view of the self, high avoidance but low anxiety, and distant relationships.

Self-Expansion Model of Relationships

The idea that romantic relationships serve the desire to expand the self and grow.

Social Exchange Model

A model which takes an economic perspective and assumes that people approach relationships with an underlying motivation of self-interest.

Comparison Level

People bring to their relationships the expectation of how rewarding a relationship should be.

SATISFACTION = (REWARDS - COSTS) - COMPARISON LEVEL

Equity Theory

The idea is that people are motivated to maintain a sense of fairness or equity, whereby both partners feel that the proportion of outcomes (rewards) to inputs (costs) that each receives is roughly equal.

O/I FOR SELF = O/I FOR PARTNER

Assortative Mating

The idea that people are attracted to others who are similar to them in some kind of social hierarchy.

Matching Phenomenon

The idea that people seek romantic relationships with others who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness.

Self-Disclosure

The sharing of information about oneself.

Positive Illusions

Idealized perceptions of romantic partners that highlight their positive qualities and downplay their faults.

Model of Relational Turbulence

The idea that as partners make the transition from casual dating to more serious involvement in the relationship, they go through a turbulent period of adjustment.

Interdependence Theory

The idea that satisfaction, investments, and perceived alternatives are critical in determining commitment to a particular relationship.

Comparison Level for Alternatives

The perceived quality of alternatives to the current relationship.