C2.2 Neural signalling

What are Neurons?

Specialised cells that function to transmit electrical impulses within the nervous system

What are the three basic components of neurons?

Dentrites, Axon, Soma

What is a resting potential? AND what is its typical value in a resting neurone?

The electrical potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron, typically around -70 millivolts (mV)

What are action potentials?

The rapid changes in charge across the membrane that occur when a neuron is firing

What are the two main components of the human nervous system?

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

What is the function of the central nervous sytem?

To act as a central coordinating centre for impulses that come in and are sent out of any part of the body.

What is the function of dentrites in a neurone?

To connect to other neurones and receive impulses from them, forming a network for communication.

What are the 3 main types of neurones?

Sensory, motor and relay

What is the role of sensory neurones?

To carry out impulses from receptors to the CNS

How do relay neurones differ from sensory neurones in structure?

Relay: short, highly branched axons and dendrites

Sensory: cell body that branches off in the middle, with a long dendron and a long axon.

What is the function of motor neurons?

To carry impulses from the CNS to effectors

What contributes to the negative charge inside a resting neurone?

the active transport of sodium and potassium ions, a difference in the diffusion rates of these ions, and negatively charged proteins inside the axon.