Unit 6: Period 6: 1865-1898

Andrew Carnegie

distributed more than 350 million of his fortune to libraries, universities, concert halls, and other public institutions.

wrote the Gospel of Wealth + huge philanthropist

Clarence Darrow

argued that criminal Behavior could be caused by a person's environment.

Rutherford B Hayes

used federal troops to end labor dispute.

Brooklyn Bridge

made possible longer commutes between residential areas and city centers.

Jay Gould

made Millions by selling assets and watering stock.

Henry Grady

spread the gospel of the New South and argued for economic diversity and Laissez- faire capitalism.

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr

argued that the law should evolve with the times and respond to changing needs.

Private Guards

and State Militia: forces used by employers to put down strikes.

Plessy v. Ferguson

ruled that Louisiana's law did not violate the 14th amendments guarantee of equal protection of the laws.

labor movement

gained strength and saw some successes, but still faced challenges for better wages and working conditions.

Hull House

started by Jane Addams, taught English to immigrants.

Lockout

active closing of a factory to break labor movement before it's organized.

Yellow dog contract

a contract that included that workers could not join a `union` as a condition.

Atlanta Compromise

belief that black and white Southerners shared a responsibility to make the region prosper.

invention of barbed wire

made it easier to fence cattle.

Court injunction

judicial action used by employer to prevent or end of the strike.

Industrialization

created a class of millionaires that change the standard of living.

Political machines

tightly organized groups of politicians.

frontier

settling here was an evolutionary process of building a civilization.

Populist Party

emerged as a political force with James B. Weaver as its presidential candidate.

Sierra Club

aims to preserve natural areas from human interference.

Granger laws

made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and give rebates to privileged customers.

National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry

organized in 1868 by Oliver H Kelly.

Dumbbell tenements

were buildings constructed with open ventilation shafts in the center to provide windows.

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith, mercantilism included extensive regulation of trade by the government.

Contract labor law of 1885

restricted temporary workers to protect American workers from competition.

John D Rockefeller

founded a company that would quickly eliminate its competition and take control of national oil refineries (horizontal integration)

Grandfather clauses

a man could only vote if their grandfather has voted in elections before reconstruction.

Monopoly

dominates a market so much that it faces little to no competition from other companies.

Jim Crow Laws

required segregated public facilities based on race

grandfather clauses

  a man could only vote if their grandfather has voted in elections before reconstruction

yellow-dog contract

  a contract that included that workers could not join a union as a condition

Hull House

started by Jane Addams, taught English to immigrants

Sherman Antitrust Act

(1890) ****it prohibits monopolies and trusts that restrict trade or commerce

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

required the government to purchase large quantities of silver and issue paper currency backed by both gold and silver

Homestead Act of 1862

Encouraged farming on Great Plains by offering 160  six acres of land to settle on it for 5 years

Dawes Act

break up reservation land and allot it to people for assimilation

Laissez-Faire

economic system between private parties was free from government interference

Social Darwinism

believe that Darwin's theories of Natural Selection and survival of the fetish be applied to the marketplace

National Unions

National Labor Union, Knights of Labor, Haymarket Bombing, American Federation of Labor

Homestead Strike

The National Guard was eventually called in to restore order and protect the replacement workers + against Carneige

Pullman Strike

railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic

Chinese Exclusion Act

banned chinese immigrants

Contract labor law of 1885

restricted temporary workers to protect American workers from competition

Social Gospel

importance of applying Christianity to social problems through reforms

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Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly in regard to monopolistic practices

required railroad rates to be "reasonable and just," and publish their rates to refrain from offering rebates and other discriminatory practices

created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee the implementation of the law

Repealed by Wabash v. Illinois

Pendleton Act of 1881

set up Civil Service Commission + created a system by which applicants for fed jobs based on competitive examination

Greenback party

Advocated for increasing the circulation of paper money not backed by gold, known as "greenbacks"

Attracted support from debtors, farmers, and laborers who were hurt by deflation and the high cost of borrowing money