4.1- Technological innovations

Cartography

map making, improved knowledge of navigation

primogeniture laws

gave all estate to eldest son

what did the Indian ocean trade routes bring

silk, spices, tea to mediterranean

why did European traders become interested in the Indian ocean trade

wanted to find wealth and new converts

who were the europeans competing with

middle eastern trades from kingdoms like oman

oman

kingdom, portuguese set up forts hear, challenged to be removed

omani-european rivalry

goods from americas

sugar, tobacco, rum

goods from africa

enslaved people

goods from asia

silk, spices, rhubarb

effect of extensive trade

transformed Spanish, Portugal, great Britain, France and Holland into maritime empires

maritime empires

kingdoms based on sea travel, turned Spain, Portugal, great Britain, France, and holland

gender roles in trade

trade carried out by men

southeast asia- europeans conducted much trade with women, handled markets and money changing

who was developing their naval technology

portugal, Spain, england

who used stars to navigate eoriginally

classical greeks

greek knowledge was used with who's?

islamic and Asian scholars/sailors

al andulus

in present spain, where Islamic ideas diffused into Europe

henry the navigator

leader in developer of new technology, portuguese, never sailed far enough to lose sight of land, supported exploration,

what did Henry the navigator sponsor

expeditions along Africa's Atlantic coast, cape of good hope, helped Portugal explore African coastal communities and kingdoms before other european powers

newtons discovery of gravitation

increased knowledge of the tides

sailors could predict depth of water, exposed dangerous rocks

acknowledging winds, made sailors more confident

astronomical chart

any map of stars and galaxies, used to guide ship directions

astronomers in Babylonia and mesopotamia

created star charts in 2nd millenium bce

chinese astronomres

used astronomical charts back to 5th century bce

1609

when telescopes started to be used for astronomical charts

how did people use astronomical charts

divided chart into grids to locate specific constellations/ objects

gyroscope

a wheel or disk mounted to spin rapidly around an axis in various directions

magnetic compass

originally invented in China, allowed sailors to steer a ship in the right direction

lateen sail

sail in the shape of a triangle, used by Arab sailors in Indian ocean, affected medieval navigation and trade, catches the wind onm either side of ship, could travel in different directions, expanded trade routes

carrack

150 feet long

square and latteen sails

3-4 masts

used for trade

used in portugal

14th-17th century peak

caravel

75 feet long

latteen sails

2-3 masts

fast, long voyages

portuguese and spanish

15th-17th century

fluyt

80 feet long

square sail, 2-3 masts

used for trade

dutch

16th-17th century

what caused rapid expansion

combining navigational techniqued invented Europe, with other cultures

polynesia

wasn’t affected by global trade as it was far removed from routes

gunpowder and europe

aided Europeans in conquests abroad

sea pirates

used gunpowder, particularly dutch pirates called sea beggars

abbasid empire

islam spread rapidly in northern trading cities in Africa, helped Abbasid empire grow, centered In baghdad

peter the great

visited western Europe in 1697 to observe military and naval technology, hired technicians from Germany to help build Russian military/naval power