Peters WWI and Russian Revolution

Why did the scramble for africa happen? (1880-1914)

all the countries were looking to get land first (especially aspiring industrial powers), conquered land quickly because of fear that another country would take it first

What year did WWI start?

1914

What was the meeting arranged to divvy up Africa to the European countries?

The Berlin Conference

Who was Germany's leader at the time of the Berlin Conference?

Otto von Bismarck

Who created the "red line" railroad that spanned across Africa?

Cecil Rhodes

What effect did Social Darwinism have on Europe?

belief that the most powerful will survive and some societies are stronger/better (Europe thought superior to Africa), led to German ideas in WWI about superiority

What were the 4 MAIN causes of WWI?

-Militarism

-Alliances

-Imperialism

-Nationalism

How was Militarism a cause of WWI?

-war glorified and a source of pride

-arms race for military power

-military leaders very influential

-desire to invent new war methods and one up other countries

How were Alliances a cause of WWI?

-meant to deter attacks but increased tensions

-turned small conflict between few countries into all of europe being involved

What were the main two sides of WWI?

Allies vs. Central Powers

Who were the Allies? (at the beginning of WWI)

France, Serbia, Russia, England

Who were the Central Powers? (at the beginning of WWI)

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

How was Imperialism a cause of WWI?

-Germany growing in power- concern about competition for colonies

-economic rivalries

-growing TENSION

How was Nationalism a cause of WWI?

-historic rivalry between France and Germany

-France wanted Alsace and Lorrain back

-German pride and confidence in military power + ind. growth

-slav independence movement to break away from Austria)

Who was Franz Joseph's son whose murder was a catalyst for WWI?

Franz Ferdinand

Where was Franz Ferdinand murdered?

Serajevo (was there to try to calm slavic tension)

Who killed Franz Ferdinand?

Gavrilo Princip (member of Black Hand terrorist group)

What is the capitol of the Democratic Republic of the Congo?

Kinshasa

What spark ignited the "powder keg" that was WWI?

the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Austria-Hungary's retaliation

What was the Schlieffen Plan?

by General Schlieffen: to attack France first and then Russia because France was more advanced/mobilize faster

Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail?

Russia mobilized too fast and Germany had to split army between W+E fronts

Why was there a stalemate on the Western front?

because of advanced weaponry

Why was there a stalemate on the Eastern front?

Russia had so many troops

What was the significance of the Battle of Verdun? (1916)

French vs. Germans: stalemate where neither side won and 1/2 million troops lost for both Allied and Central powers, longest battle (303 days) w/4 phases> French countered better (less losses)

Where did most of the Eastern front fighting take place?

Russia

Which side did Italy eventually join and why?

Allies because they wanted more land

What did the Ottoman Empire do when they joined the Central Powers in 1914?

cut off the Allied (russian) supplies bc of access to bosphorus and dardanelles

What is a "war of attrition"?

cutting off supplied/attacks deliberately meant to weaken

What happened in the Battle of the Somme?

British+French vs. Germans: Allies won, first battle with tanks, 1 million+ casualties for very little gain

When did WWI end?

11am Nov. 11, 1918 (11/11/11/18) with the Treaty of Versailles

What side were Canada, New Zealand, India, and Australia on and why?

helped Allies because of British allegiance

What territories of France caused conflict with Germany?

Alsace and Lorraine

How did the Industrial Revolution connect to WWI?

industrialization led to more imperialism and colonization (means + motives) > this lead to more national competition, more colonies > WWI

What side was Japan on in WWI?

the Allies (was heling England)

What Chinese region did Japan want from WWI?

Manchuria

What was the name of the American boat sunk by Germany that involved the US in the war?

The Lusitania (Germans broke Sussex pledge)

What did the Sussex Pledge do? (1916)

Germany promised not to sink ships without warning (they broke this in 1917)

What was the difference between "restricted" and "unrestricted" submarine warfare?

in restricted warnings have to be given before sinking ships

What was the popular Allies slogan used after Wilson entered the US into WWI?

"The Yanks are coming!"

What was the significance of the Battle of Tannenberg (1914)?

Germans vs Russians: Germany tried Schliefen plan but Russia mobilized too fast >Germany won, Russia had many casualties and was weakened (poor leadership + communication)

What was the name of the most used machine gun in WWI?

Maxim machine gun

Which country invented the tank?

Britain (Tritton and Wilson) > but Germany had best tanks

What were the different kinds of shells used in WWI?

1. high explosive

2. incendiary (flammable)

3. shrapnel (lead balls inside)

4. gas

What was Big Bertha?

large German artillery gun that fired shells almost 6 miles

What impact did flamethrowers have on the war?

no huge impact, mostly psychological for soldiers

What was the significance of the Battle of Gallipoli?

allied troops were sent to help russia + control Dardanelles, Allies withdrew after 10 months, Russia faced setbacks >afterwards, Allies funded Arab cultures that wanted to break away from Ottomans (only success of battle considered the quick evacuation of troops after Bulgaria entered)

What does ANZAC stand for?

Australia and New Zealand Army Corps

What was the most common kind of gas used and why?

Mustard gas- linger for a long time in trenches, not defendable with gas mask (blisters)

What was significant about Chlorine Gas?

smells like pineapples, harms eyes, lungs, throat, water soluble

What was significant about Phosgene gas?

most lethal, delayed symptoms, no odor, colorless (85% of gas deaths)

What was significant about Tear gas?

non lethal, symptoms resolve, used in combo with others

What did the Hague Convention do? (1899 & 1907)

banned harmful gases in war, signed by countries

What did the Geneva Protocol do? (1925)

banned the use of all chemical weaponry in war

What was the German commanders slogan during the Battle of Verdun?

"Bleed French White" (goal was to take as many French lives possible)

What were Blimps (zeppelin) used for in the war?

flyovers to drop bombs, poor accuracy + flammable, lowered morale

What were Dreadnoughts and what were they used for?

British battleships, thick steel hull, guns, steam turbine engine (name means "fear not")

What was the significance of the Battle of Jutland?

Germans vs British: naval battle, german goal to destroy blockade and control North Sea, both sides claimed that they won, many lives lost ("bloodiest day in British Naval History"), confirmed British naval dominance

What was the Paris Peace Conference?

conference in Versailles after WWI (1919) to negotiate terms of peace, each nation had a representative (treaty of versailles happened during this conf.)

Who were the "Big Four"?

UK, France, US, Italy

Who was the USA's representative during the Paris Peace Conf. and what did he want?

Woodrow Wilson: 14 point plan for peace (wanted no secret treaties, free trade, arms reductions, creation of international peace org.)

What was Wilson's 14th point?

the creation of an international peace organization (League of Nations)

Which country did not join the League of Nations?

USA (became isolated and turned back on Europe- wilson angry and had had a stroke)

What did Britain want from the Paris Peace Conference?

Prime Min. George: wanted Germany punished and unable to build strong military

What did France want from the Paris Peace Conference?

Premier Clemenceau: wanted to weaken Germany economically & militarilism so they were never a threat to France again

What did Italy want from the Paris Peace Conference?

Prime Minister Orlando: wanted reparations for war and LAND from former Austria-Hungary (this was in the prior agreement)

What is the League of Nations called now?

United Nations

Why did Germany agree to the Treaty of Versailles?

they wanted to remain a country and keep their land (other empires were abolished/split up)

What were the problems with the Treaty of Versailles?

-Germany lost colonies + had to pay reparations without their resources

-Italy + Japan don't get new land

-Russia lost land, not big 4

What land did Russia lose in the Treaty of Versailles?

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, part of Poland (they had ceded this land to Germany earlier)

Who was in power in Russia before the Bolshevik revolution?

Tsar Nicholas Romanov II and Tsarina Alexandria Romanov

Why did Alexandria Romanov trust Rasputin?

he had supposedly healed her son of Hemophilia (blood won't clot)

Why were the Romanovs hated?

they were too influenced by Rasputin, absolutist, strained resources and production couldn't support people

Who assassinated Rasputin?

Russian nobles who were fearing revolution

What does "Bolshevik" mean?

majority

Who was the leader of the Bolshevik party?

V.I. Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov)

What was Lenin's slogan?

"Peace, Land, and Bread"

Where was Lenin imprisoned?

a gulag in Siberia, was later exiled to Switzerland

How did Lenin come into power?

He and the Bolshevik's Red Guard staged a coup

How did Lenin change Russia?

-no private land, all for public use

-workers controlled fatory production

-collectivization: all earnings taken and distributed equally

What was on the new Russian national flag?

hammer and sickle (to represent working class)

What did the Treaty of Bresk-Litovsk do?

-pulled Russia out of WWI

-Germany promises not to attack Russia (and vice versa)

-gave Germany most of Western Russia

Who was the leader of the Women's Battalion of Death?

"Yashka" (real name was María Leontievna Bochkareva)

What does USSR stand for?

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Which side of the Russian Revolution did the Allies support?

the "whites" (they want Russia back in the war)

What were the two sides of the Russian Rev?

Reds: Bolsheviks

Whites: everyone against the Bolsheviks

What was the name of the Bolshevik secret police?

Cheka

How did Lenin get other countries to join the USSR?

promised elected legislature and voting rights, equal rights under the law, production and resources for "the people" (but ppl were subject to the Cheka and Lenin's rules)

Who were the two main "candidates" to replace Lenin?

Leon Trotsky (Lenin's friend, wanted world rev against capitalism) and Joseph Stalin (wanted to rebuild Russia)

What happened to Leon Trotsky?

When Stalin became leader he fled to Mexico but still spoke against Stalin, a KGB secret agent stuck an icepick in the back of his head and murdered him

What was Stalin's version of the Cheka?

KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti)

What two books did Karl Marx write?

Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital

What was the proletariat?

the working class

Which countries are still communist today?

China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos

What was Lenin's "vanguard party"?

Group of more qualified/intellectual revolutionaries to lead Russia through revolution

What is Marx's idea of a "dictatorship of the proletariat"?

a system where the working class has all power

How are Leninism and Marxism different?

Marxism is complete communism with everything equal and the working class has all power. Lenin corrupted this idea with his vanguard party> not "true" communism

Why might WWI and WWII be considered one war?

-many smaller and civil wars occured in between the two > fighting never stopped

-many countries were afraid of war from their wwi losses and this allowed other countries and hitler to gain in power

-very closely linked (german, italian, japanese motives in wwii all stemmed from wwi)

-some of the same people fought in both wars

Which were the only African countries to remain independent during the Scramble for Africa?

Liberia and what is now Ethiopia

Who was Germany's last emperor that led Germany in WWI?

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Who led the Austrian-Hungarian empire?

Franz Joseph