1301 exam 4

Domestic Slave Trade

Slave trade occurring in public venues.

Class Hierarchy

Social structure based on slave ownership.

Planters

Wealthy individuals owning 20+ slaves.

Plantation Mistresses

Women managing plantation houses in isolation.

Small Slaveholders

Less influential slave owners with land aspirations.

Yeomen

Small farmers who did not use slave labor.

People of the Pine Barrens

Isolated group referred to as 'white trash'.

Enslaved People

Majority born in the United States.

Sectional Parties

Political groups formed around slavery's expansion.

Democratic Party

Southern voters' preferred party aligned with conservatism.

Non-Slaveowners' Support

Aspiration for land and wealth through slavery.

Pro-Slavery Arguments

Justifications for slavery as a 'positive good'.

Denmark Vesey

Free Black man who planned a slave rebellion.

Nat Turner

Led a violent slave uprising in Virginia.

Harriet Tubman

Escaped slave who helped others to freedom.

Underground Railroad

Network aiding enslaved people to escape.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Law enforcing stricter measures against runaway slaves.

Biblical Justifications

Use of scripture to support slavery arguments.

Slave Patrols

Groups enforcing slave laws and restrictions.

Community Bonds

Kinship networks among enslaved individuals.

White Paranoia

Fear of slave uprisings among white southerners.

Nativism

Movement favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.

German Immigrants

Farmers, spoke German, often political refugees.

Irish Immigrants

Famine survivors, worked low-level jobs, mostly Catholic.

Patronizing Attitudes

Racist views treating people like pets.

Runaway Alerts

Jails posted alerts for runaway slaves.

Texas Immigration Policies

Mexico granted land to attract settlers.

Empresarios

Land agents like Stephen F. Austin in Texas.

Texas Revolution Causes

Resistance to Mexican laws and centralized rule.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in U.S. divine expansion across North America.

John O'Sullivan

Coined the term 'Manifest Destiny'.

Cultural Barriers

Settlers viewed themselves as more American than Mexican.

Mexican-American War Causes

Border disputes and U.S. military provocations.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended war; Mexico ceded territory to the U.S.

Mexican Cession

Territory ceded included Texas, California, and more.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed amendment to ban slavery in new territories.

Constitutional Issues

Debate over government control of slavery.

Anti-Catholicism

Surge in discrimination against Catholic immigrants.

Job Competition Fear

Nativism fueled by fear of losing jobs.

Slavery Tensions

Debates reignited by Mexican Cession territories.

Santa Anna

Mexican leader whose rule angered Texas federalists.

Rio Grande Dispute

Border conflict leading to the Mexican-American War.

Texas Annexation

U.S. annexed Texas in 1845, angering Mexico.

Settler Autonomy

Settlers ignored Mexican laws, leading to conflict.

Lydia Allen Rudd

Author recounting a challenging westward journey.

Compromise of 1850

Series of bills addressing slavery and territorial issues.

Henry Clay

Kentucky Whig who led the Compromise of 1850.

Stephen Douglas

Introduced popular sovereignty in the Compromise of 1850.

Popular Sovereignty

Residents decide on slavery in new territories.

Texas Admission

Texas entered as a slave state under the compromise.

California Admission

California entered as a free state under the compromise.

Abolition of Slave Trade

U.S. slave trade ended in Washington D.C.

Fugitive Slave Act

Stronger enforcement laws for capturing runaway slaves.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' anti-slavery advocate.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Book highlighting the evils of slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Law allowing popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska.

Missouri Compromise

Previous agreement limiting slavery's expansion northward.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent conflicts over slavery in Kansas territory.

Republican Party Origins

Formed from anti-slavery Whigs and abolitionists.

Lecompton Constitution

Pro-slavery constitution proposed in Kansas before statehood.

James Buchanan

Supported the Lecompton Constitution, lost Northern support.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Ruling denying citizenship to African Americans.

Civil War Delay

Compromises postponed conflict but did not resolve slavery.

Election Fraud

Mass fraud in Kansas elections during conflicts.

John Brown

Abolitionist involved in violent Kansas conflicts.

Sectional Division

Regional tensions exacerbated by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case denying citizenship to African Americans.

Chief Justice Roger Taney

Ruled slaves are property, not citizens.

Missouri Compromise

Legislation invalidated by Dred Scott ruling.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Debates focusing on slavery's expansion, not abolition.

John Brown

Radical abolitionist advocating violence against slavery.

Pottawatomie Massacre

John Brown's violent act against pro-slavery settlers.

Harpers Ferry

Site of Brown's failed slave revolt attempt.

Election of 1860

Most sectional election; Lincoln won without Southern support.

Crittenden Compromise

Attempt to prevent secession by extending Missouri Compromise.

Fort Sumter

First battle marking the start of the Civil War.

Union Advantages

Better training, technology, and larger population.

Confederate Advantages

Home field advantage in battles.

Conscription Law

Draft law requiring men to fight for Confederacy.

Union Disadvantages

Unfamiliar fighting terrain during the war.

Confederate Disadvantages

Smaller population and fewer resources.

New Technology

Submarines, rifles, and Gatling guns increased casualties.

Lincoln's Border State Strategy

Efforts to keep slave states loyal to the Union.

Sectional Tensions

Increased mistrust between North and South pre-war.

Republican Resistance

Strengthened by Dred Scott ruling and sectional issues.

Martyrdom of John Brown

Viewed as a hero in the North post-execution.

Southern Hysteria

Fear linked to abolitionists and John Brown's actions.

Secession Catalyst

Lincoln's election prompted Southern states to secede.

Civil War Soldiers' Experience

Union soldiers paid to avoid fighting; Confederates drafted.

Home Field Advantage

Benefit of playing in familiar territory.

Confederacy Disadvantages

Smaller population and limited resources.

New Technology in Civil War

Introduced submarines, rifles, and Gatling guns.

Increased Casualties

Resulted from advanced military technology.

Lincoln's Border State Strategy

Kept slave states loyal to the Union.

Suspended Habeas Corpus

Allowed detention without trial during war.

Federal Troops Deployment

Stationed to maintain order in border states.

Significance of Border States

Provided manpower and resources to the Union.

Arms Union Sympathizers

Supplied weapons to pro-Union individuals.

Financial Compensation to Slaveowners

Incentivized voluntary emancipation of slaves.