Lecture 03: Classifying Common Feeds

What is a roughage?

Any livestock feed where CF is >18% of dry weight.

Roughage has ____ bulk, ____ fiber, and ____ energy

High, high, low

What is a dry roughage?

Aerial parts of plants dried to atmospheric moisture, >80% DM

What are some examples of dry roughage?

Stalks, corn, soybean, weathered/mature grass hays, corn cobs, nut shells, hulls.

What is dry forage hay?

Grass or legume crop harvested, sun cured, and stored.

Legumes are high in what nutrient?

Nitrogen/Crude Protein

What should the moisture level be for sun cured hay?

Why does hay quality decrease as age increases?

The older a plant, the more lignin (indigestible fiber) there is.

What is a carbonaceous roughage?

Roughage with

What are some examples of standing plant roughage?

Crop residues, fodder, stover

What is a proteinaceous dry roughage?

Roughage with >9% CP

What are some proteinaceous legume hays?

Alfalfa, clover

What are some proteinaceous nonlegume hays?

Immature grass

What is wet roughage?

Pastures, range plants, and forages fed fresh.

What is the DM content of fresh/wet forage?

What is an example of a carbonaceous, warm season grass?

Bermuda

What is an example of a proteinaceous, cold season grass?

Bluegrass, Orchard, Ryegrass

What is silage?

A fermented mix of ensiled high moisture forages.

What is the dry matter content of ensiled forage?

30-60%

How long does it take to ferment silage?

28 days

What are two carbonaceous silages?

Corn silage (33-40% DM) and grass silage (50% DM).

What are two proteinaceous silages?

Alfalfa silage (40-50% DM) and clover silage (40-50% DM)

What is the main loss of high moisture forage?

Spoilage in storage

What is the main loss of low moisture forage?

Leaf shatter

What type of environment do fermenting microbes like?

Anaerobic, low pH

What is an energy concentrate?

A product with

What are some examples of energy concentrates?

Cereal grains, mill by-products, fruits, nuts, fats, roots, and tubers

What is a protein concentrate?

A product with >20% CP

What type of concentrate is soybean meal?

Protein concentrate, 48%

What type of concentrate is cottonseed meal?

Protein concentrate, 44%

what type of concentrate is distillers grains?

Protein concentrate, 27%

What type of concentrate are animal tissues?

Protein concentrate

What type of concentrate are fermentation products?

Protein concentrate

What is a mineral supplement?

A product with high mineral content.

T/F: mineral supplements can be synthesized

True

What type of nutrient does limestone proved?

Minerals

What type of nutrient does NaCl provide?

Minerals

What is a vitamin concentrate?

A product high in vitamin content.

What vitamin does carotene provide?

Vit A

What type of vitamin does what germ oil provide?

Vit E

What is a non-nutritive additive?

A product included into feed that provides non-nutritive benefits.

What are some non-nutritive additives?

Antibiotics, medication, flavoring, coloring, hormones, enzymes, buffers.

What type of concentrate are cereal grains?

Energy concentrate

What type of concentrate are fruits?

Energy concentrate

What type of concentrate are roots and tuber?

Energy concentrate

What type of concentrate are marine products?

Protein concentrate

What type of concentrate are milk products?

Protein concentrate

What type of concentrate in non protein nitrogen?

Protein concentrate