Biodiversity and Cell Theory Notes Review

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts from the lecture notes on biodiversity, cell theory, and related biological principles.

Cell Theory

• all living things are composed of cells,

• cells are the smallest working units of all living things

• new cells arise from existing cells through cell division

Biogenesis

formation of new living organisms from pre existing matter

Abiogenesis

The theory that life arose from inorganic or inanimate substances

Prokaryotes

cells that are relatively small, more primitive, and lacking membrane-bound organelles.

Example of a prokaryote

Domain Archae and Domain Bacteria

Eukaryotes

Cells that are relatively large and more complex and contain membrane bound organelles

Example of a Eukaryotes

Domain Eukarya

Prokaryote facts

• First group to evolve on earth

• For the first billion years they were the only life on plant earth

• Are found everywhere there is life including places no other life can survive

• Relatively small, simple cells

Domain Bacteria facts

• unicellular

• found everywhere

• some cause disease but most are beneficial

Domain archaea facts

• Unicellular

• Often live in extreme conditions

Prokaryotes- unique cellular structures and properties

• Nearly all have a cell wall

• many species are mobile - flagella

• many have a sticky capsule

Endospore

A thick shelled protective container for harsh conditions

Term for reproducing by splitting in half

Binary fusion

Cocci

Cells with a spherical shape that may be found alone , in chains or clustered

Bacilli

rod shaped cells that may be found singly or in chains

Spiral or curved shaped prokaryotes mostly occur

Singly

Prokaryotes wide range of nutritional habits

• Photosynthesis

• Consumption of other organisms

• Produce their own food directly from the environment

Biofilms

organized colonies of one or several species attached to a surface

Methanogens

A group of archaea that produce methane gas as a metabolic byproduct in anaerobic conditions.

Halophiles

Archaea that thrive in high salty environments.

Thermophiles

type of archaea that can live in extremely high temperature environments.

Bacteria

• thrive in most of earths habitats

• Numerous and common

• can be helpful or harmful

• Microscopic but collective impact is enormous

Nitrogen-fixers

in the soil, convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use

Nitrosomonas

a soil bacteria that helps to create ammonia (NH4+)

Decomposer

breakdown of dead organisms

Sewage treatment

Microbes decompose the sludge helping to recycle the nutrients

Bioremediation

Can be used to remove pollutants from the environment

Probiotics

helps digest food

Pathogens

disease producing

Borrelia

bacterium that causes Lyme disease

Endomembrane system consist of two main components

• interconnected internal membrane

• membrane- enclosed organelles

Mitochondria

Energy Producing organelle

example of an organelle

nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum

internal membranes evolved from

inward folding of plasma membrane

Mitochondria and chloroplast originated from

endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis

when one species lives inside another host species

Protists

• All eukaryotes that do not belong to the plant, animal, or fungus kingdoms

• very diverse

• Evolved ~ 2.1 billion years ago 

• Mostly unicellular, but some are 

  multicellular

Protozoans

• obtain nutrients primarily by eating bacteria, other protists

Giardia

a intestinal parasite

Paramecium

has hair like cilia

Plasmodium

causes malaria

Amoebas

singled celled protists with great flexibility in their body form

Slime molds

protists that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle

for almost the first Blank years life was unicellular

the first 2 billion years

4,600 mya

origin of earth

3,500 mya

origin of prokaryotes

2,100 mya

origin of eukaryotes

Multicellular life emerged around

1.2 billion years ago

1,200 Mya

Origin of multicellular life

600 Mya

Origin of animals

490 Mya

Colonization of land

2.5 Mya

Appearance of humans

Viruses

• Non living parasite

• Has no cells and cannot reproduce on its own

• Must infect a living cell and direct that cells internal machinery to make its own viruses

Nucleic Acid

All virus have genes made of Nucleic acid

Capsid

Outer coat of a virus made of one or few different proteins molecules in a regular pattern

Recognition spike

This protein recognition is a very specific causing each type of virus to infect a specific type of cell

Bacterphage

• Virus that infects bacteria

• Once a bacteria is infected the virus can enter one of two life cycles

Lyric cycle

• Virtual DNA replicates using cells machinery

• This culminates in the death of the host cells

Listening cycle

• Viral DNA is inserted in bacterial chromosomes

• Virus remains format for long periods

Aids

• Acquired immunodeficienty syndrome

• Causes by hiv (human immunodeficienty virus)

HIV

• HIV is a retrovirus, with an RNA genome

• Targets cells of the immune system

• Spread by sexual contact or by sharing blood products

HIV uses reverse transcriptase to convert

RNA into DNA and reproduce

During normal DNA expression the host will then make

New viral RNA

HIV essentially hijacks

The cells own DNA expression system

Prion

• An infectious protein a misshapeab version of a normal brain protein

• Capable of clustering together and disrupting brain function

Prion diseases

• Chronic wasting disease

• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Viroid

• Small, circular RNA molecules

• that can infect plants

• Uses the host own cellular enzymes

Staphylococcus aureus

• Bacteria

• Prokaryote

• Member of your normal flora

• Certain mutant strains are pathogens

Antibiotic Resistance

A condition where bacteria evolve and become resistant to antibiotics, making infections harder to treat.