Chapter 4: Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms

Flashcards for Chapter 4: Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms

Electromagnetic radiation

Waves through space.

Wavelength (λ)

Distance between peaks in a wave.

Frequency (v)

Number of waves passing through a given point in one second.

Photon

Particle that carries 1 quantum of energy.

Electron energy

Electrons have greater energy the farther they orbit from the nucleus

Balmer

Visible light

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Both the position and the velocity of an electron cannot be known at the same time.

Photons

Electrons are located by their interactions with this.

Quantum Numbers

Specifies the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of the electrons in orbitals.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

Represents energy levels (1-7).

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)

Indicates the shape of the orbital.

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)

Possible values are l =0-3 (0=S, 1=P, 2=D, 3=F)

S shape

Spherical shape.

P shape

Dumbbell or figure 8 shape.

Magnetic Quantum Number (m)

Orientation of the orbital around the nucleus.

Spin Quantum Number

Spin state of an electron in an orbital.

Orbital

Holds 2 possible electrons

Aufbau principle

Electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it.

Hund’s rule

Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin

Bus seat rule

“Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin”

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

Line

Represents unoccupied orbitals

Highest occupied energy level

The electron containing energy level with the highest principal quantum number (valence)

Inner shell electrons

Electrons that are not in the highest energy level (total electrons-valence electrons = inner shell electrons)

Octet Rule

Highest energy level s and p electrons are filled (8 electrons)

Noble gases (only)

Stable

Paramagnetic

Atoms with unpaired electrons are attracted into magnetic fields.

Diamagnetic

When an atom has only paired electrons, it will be slightly repelled by a magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Radiation

Move at the speed of light, 3.00 x 108 m/s (three sig figs)

Noble Gas Notation

You put the preceding noble gas and then the following electron configurations in configuration order