________: An activity in which the experimenter observes the reaction among variables rather than creating them.
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Census
________: Process of collecting information from all the units in a population.
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Replication
________: refers to the process of giving a certain treatment numerous times in an experiment, or even repeating an experiment multiple times.
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Frame
________: List of members from which the sample is to be taken.
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Independent
________ or explanatory variable: A variable that may explain the differences in responses.
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technique
Blinding ________: used in medical experiments to prevent such a bias.
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Factor
________: A variable whose effect on the response is of interest in the experiment.
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Randomization
________: used to average the effects of extraneous factors on responses.
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Sample
________: The part of the population that is actually studied.
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Population
________: The entire group of individuals or things that we are interested in.
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Experimental Unit
________: This is the smallest unit of the population to which treatment is applied.
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Block
________: A group of homogeneous experimental units.
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blind experiment
Double- ________: both the patient and the person measuring the patients reaction do not know which treatment the patient was given.
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Response bias
________: when answers on a survey do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent.
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Sample survey
________: The process of collecting information from a sample.
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Nonresponse bias
________: when individuals selected to be in the sample who do not respond to a survey have different opinions from those who do.
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Population
The entire group of individuals or things that we are interested in
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Sample
The part of the population that is actually studied
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Frame
List of members from which the sample is to be taken
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Sample survey
The process of collecting information from a sample
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Census
Process of collecting information from all the units in a population
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Experiment
Planned activity that results in measurements
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Observational Study
An activity in which the experimenter observes the reaction among variables rather than creating them
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Biased sampling
methods result in values that are systematically different from the population values or systematically favor certain outcomes
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Simple random sample
A sample of n subjects selected in such a way that every possible sample of the same size n has the same chance of being chosen
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Systematic sample
A sample in which the researcher selects some starting point and then selects every kth element in the population
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Stratified sample
A sample in which the researcher subdivides the population into at least two different subgroups (or strata), and then draws a sample from each subgroup
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Cluster sample
A sample in which the researcher first divides the population into sections (or clusters), and then randomly selects all members from some of those clusters
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Convenience sample
A sample in which the researcher simply uses results that are very easy to get
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Sampling bias
the technique used to obtain the individuals to be in the sample tends to favor one part of the population over another
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Nonresponse bias
when individuals selected to be in the sample who do not respond to a survey have different opinions from those who do
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Response bias
when answers on a survey do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent
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Dependent or response variable
The variable to be measured in the experiment
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Independent or explanatory variable
A variable that may explain the differences in responses
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Experimental Unit
This is the smallest unit of the population to which treatment is applied
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Confounding variable
A variable whose effect on the response cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable
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Factor
A variable whose effect on the response is of interest in the experiment
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Control group
Group of experimental units similar to all the other experimental units except that it is not given any treatment
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Placebo group
The control group receives a treatment that looks and feels similar to an experimental treatment but is expected to have no effect
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Blinding technique
used in medical experiments to prevent such a bias
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Single blind experiment
either the patient does not know which treatment he or she is receiving or the person measuring the patients reaction does not know which treatment is given
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Double-blind experiment
both the patient and the person measuring the patients reaction do not know which treatment the patient was given
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Randomization
used to average the effects of extraneous factors on responses
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Block
A group of homogeneous experimental units
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Replication
refers to the process of giving a certain treatment numerous times in an experiment, or even repeating an experiment multiple times
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Completely randomized design
treatments are assigned randomly to all experimental units or experimental units are assigned randomly to all treatments
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Randomized block design
All experiments are grouped by certain characteristics to form homogeneous blocks, and then a completely randomized design is applied within each block
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Matched-pairs design
An experimental design where participants in each condition of the experiment are matched according to important variables
Studied by 50 people
