English in the World Keywords

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colonialism

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Suitable for CIE A Level English Language (9093). Covers keywords in Section A: English in the World for Paper 4

38 Terms

1

colonialism

the practice of controlling other people or areas by imposing language among other cultural practices

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2

cultural influence and effects

social and cultural aspects of a society will dictate how children in the society develop language skills and cognitive functions

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3

what is the concentric circles model?

a model consisting of three circles that is used to describe the circumstances in which English is spoken

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4

who developed the concentric circles model?

Braj Kachru, 1985

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5

the inner circle (concentric circles model)

English is the native and primary language of countries such as the USA and the UK; the inner circle includes 320-380 million speakers

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6

the outer circle (concentric circles model)

English is the second language but is used as a lingua franca between the groups that live in the region and is used predominantly in media and education, usually imposed through colonialism; the outer circle includes 300-500 million speakers

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7

the expanding circle (concentric circles model)

English is a foreign language and plays no significant role in the region, can be implemented as a means of international communication; includes 500-1000 million speakers

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8

norm-providing

English language norms are developed in these regions (usually the Inner Circle) and spread outwards

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9

norm-developing

easily adopts English language norms and (possibly) developing its own norms (usually the Outer Circle)

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10

norm-dependant

relies on standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle to speak English (usually the Expanding Circle)

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11

multilingualism

the ability to speak more than one language

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12

standard English

the main form of English that is taught around the world, can be thought of as formal speaking or writing

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13

non-standard English

the form of English that is dependent on the area where it is spoken, can be thought of as informal speaking or writing (including slang)

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14

creolisation

the process of mixing different elements of cultures together to create a new culture; originally a Caribbean concept

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15

sociolect continuum

a variety of language spoken by a particular social group, can have subgroups e.g Singaporean English

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16

language attitude

the tendency to respond positively or negatively towards language e.g the treatment of speakers of other languages and learning other languages

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17

language shift

the process of replacing a language with another in a community, usually over an extended period of time

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18

language death

when a language loses its last native speaker and/or when the language is no longer known, a common outcome of language shift

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19

cultural imperialism

also known as cultural colonialism, the process of promoting one culture over another

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20

equality of opportunity

the political ideal that people should be able to compete on equal terms

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21

global cooperation

working to thrive together rather than pursuing individual ideals, particularly in politics

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22

lingua franca

a common language that is used to help communicate between groups of speakers of other languages

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23

Creole

a natural language developed from a mixture of different languages, often as a development from a pidgin. Creoles are stable, fairly complex, and are acquired as native languages by children

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24

pidgin

a simplified mixture of languages used to communicate between people who do not speak the same language; could develop into a creole

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25

dialect

a language variety specific to a particular geographical region, including lexical and grammatical features

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26

exclusion

where members of a social group use language that makes certain other groups or individuals feel like they are not included or welcome

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27

global (world) language

a language used across the world for written, spoken, and digital communication, typically coexisting with local languages. English is recognised as the predominant global language of the 21st century

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28

linguistic prestige

the degree of respect and value given to a particular style of lanuage by a speech community

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29

loanword

a work adopted from one language into another without translation

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30

overt prestige

high status gained through the use of standard langauge and behaviour

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31

patois

a loose term for a nonstandard language or dialect; may be regarded as having a low status

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32

prestige

the degree of respect accorded to a particular language or dialect in a language community

  • standard forms often command overt pestige by reference to notions of ‘correctness‘

    • nonstandard forms gain covert prestige

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33

received pronunciation (RP)

the accent most closely associated with standard English; it is seen as an indicator of status rather than being linked to geographical area

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34

speech community

a group of people defined by their shared linguistic norms and expectations

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35

status

the perceived position of a person’s authorty and influence in relation to those around them

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36

substrate language

a language with lower power or prestige than others in a multilingual community

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37

superstrate language

a language with greater power or prestige than others in a multilingual community

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38

varieties of English

regional and national forms of English with distinctively different features

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