BIO 002 - BIOTECHNOLOGY

studied byStudied by 41 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Biotechnology

1 / 38

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

39 Terms

1

Biotechnology

The use of theories and concepts in Biological Sciences to improve our quality of life.

New cards
2

Medicine, Agriculture, Biofuels, Genetics

The areas where Biotechnology is mostly used are in the fields of:

New cards
3

BT Plants

One good example of a product of Genetic Engineering is the production of ________________

New cards
4

Bacillus Thuringiensis

BT stands for the bacteria ________ ____________. This is a type of bacteria that lives in the soil. These bacteria are producing proteins that are harmful to insects especially several species of Moths and Butterflies

New cards
5

Genetically Modified Organism

GMO Stands for:

New cards
6

donor

The cell or organism where the target DNA can be found is called a _______

New cards
7

Restriction Enzymes

Used to cut DNA into fragments

New cards
8

4-8

Restriction sites are naturally, _ to _ bases which are palindromic in nature

New cards
9

Sticky and Blunt

Restriction enzvmes may leave _______ ends or ________ ends.

New cards
10

DNA Cloning Vectors

Carry target gene into a host cell, in example, Plasmids and Bacteriophage

New cards
11

Plasmid

________ is circular double stranded DNA in a bacteria. It is different from the chromosome. Though, this carry-out DNA molecules, they are not capable of manifesting the trait nor produce the protein

New cards
12

Host Cell

A bacterial cell that allows the cloning vector to replicate within it. This should be non-pathogenic, harmless microorganism which is easy for cultivation

New cards
13

Modifying Enzymes

Introduces minor bases into DNA or RNA e.g, DNA Ligase and Taq Polymerase

New cards
14

Taq Polymerase

Replaces DNA Polymerase in PCR

New cards
15

Cloning

A molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene. In a typical _______ experiment, a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid.

New cards
16

Molecular Cloning and Reproductive Cloning

There are two types of DNA Cloning:

New cards
17

extract first the DNA from the cell/DNA Extraction

Before you start with cloning, you have to ___________________________

New cards
18

Stage 1: Isolation of target gene

This process can be done using: (1) cutting the gene from a complete chromosome using a restriction enzyme or (2) producing a complementary DNA (cDNA). To do this the DNA must first be cut into fragments and the one containing the desired gene must be identified. Remember to use the same restriction enzyme

New cards
19

Stage 2: Insertion of a target gene into a vector

Gene inserted into the vectors such as plasmids and bacteriophages resulting in Recombinant DNA. Bacterial plasmids that have been isolated from bacterial cells must be mixed with the same restriction enzymes used to cut the DNA molecule. This is done to produce the same sequence of sticky ends

New cards
20

Stage 3: Introduction of vector into a host

The plasmids carrying the target gene must be introduced into a host cell through transformation, and only a lesser amount will contain the recombinant plasmid.

New cards
21

Stage 4: Amplification of the target gene by the cell (cloning) host ad screening

Following the introduction of the recombinant plasmids, bacteria will then be cultured in a medium. The transformed bacteria will be able to grow and form colonies on the medium. The bacteria will divide to produce new identical bacterial cells. Each time the bacterial cells divide, the recombinant plasmids will produce multiple copies of the target gene.

New cards
22

Polymerase Chain Reaction

PCR Stands for:

New cards
23

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A method used to amplify DNA, it resembles replication but is carried out in a test tube

New cards
24

Thermocycler, Test tube containing the DNA sample, Taq polymerase, primers, free DNA nucleotides

Tools used in PCR

New cards
25

Thermal Cycler or thermocycler

A laboratory instrument that heats and cools samples in repetitive cycles to facilitate DNA or RNA amplification through the polymerase chain reaction.

New cards
26

Step 1: Denaturation

Double-stranded DNA templates are heated to separate the strands; The reaction temperature is increased to 95 °C, which melts (disrupts the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases) all dsDNA into singlestranded DNA (ssDNA)

New cards
27

Step 2: Annealing

The DNA molecule will be exposed at a lower temperature to allow the primers to attach to the Single-Strand DNA.

New cards
28

Primer

The role of the _______ is to let Taq Polymerase copy the segment.

New cards
29

Taq Polymerase

____ __________ is an enzyme derived from a bacteria Thermus aquaticus which mimics the job of DNA Polymerase but can withstand a high temperature

New cards
30

Step 3: Extension

The temperature will be raised again Taq Polymerase will copy and texted the segment of DNA.

New cards
31

1 Cycle, 4 Copies of DNA

after the third step, it is considered that 1 cycle is complete and there is 22 amount of DNA in the container (usually an Eppendorf). So after __ cycle we can assume that there is __ copies of DNA.

New cards
32

Taq polymerase is heat-stable form that can function after exposure to the high temperatures that are necessary for PCR.

Why is taq polymerase used in PCR instead of DNA polymerase?

New cards
33

CRISPR

The most common gene editing tool is

New cards
34

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

CRISPR Stands for

New cards
35

Bacteriophages

Restriction enzvmes are based from bacteria that are immune to _______________

New cards
36

Plasmid or Bacteriophage

What is the vector used in genetic engineering

New cards
37

because it will produce fragments with the same complementary sticky ends

Why is it important to use the same restriction enzyme?

New cards
38

Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine

What is the language of DNA?

New cards
39

Primer

The role of the _______ is to let Taq Polymerase copy the segment

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 34 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 57 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 22 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1975 people
... ago
4.7(11)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (93)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (115)
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (22)
studied byStudied by 17 people
... ago
5.0(3)
flashcards Flashcard (75)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (29)
studied byStudied by 27 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (134)
studied byStudied by 2615 people
... ago
4.0(26)
robot