\________ form Florida, South Texas, and Southern California and imports from Newland, Mexico and Austrilia keep Candian and American stores stocked.
New cards
2
Aquaculture
\________ in bays and estuaries has resulted in very profitable small- scale oyster and salmon farms.
New cards
3
amount of mineral salt
As evaporation continues over several growing seasons, the \________ can build to toxic levels and poison crops.
New cards
4
Canada
Farmers can certify their products as non- GMO and bring a premium price from natural foods processors and consumers looking for the non- GMO label in the U.S. and \________.
New cards
5
High daytime temperatures
\________ cause water vapor to be drawn out of irrigated farmland.
New cards
6
Medicinal crops
\________, such as herbs, were grown along with vegetables in town market gardens for local sale.
New cards
7
Modern science
\________ has had a critical role to play in horticulture and chemistry by using laboratory techniques to develop plant and animal hybrids that grow larger or under certain climatic conditions to meet the needs of farmers in different regions.
New cards
8
Dwarf varieties
\________ were an important plant hybrid innovation.
New cards
9
sound methods
By reducing inputs and using ecologically \________, farmers can reduce the risk that their farming practices may lead to long- term environmental or economic problems.
New cards
10
primary economy
timber, fisheries, and mineral and energy resources
New cards
11
intensive agriculture
requires lots of labor input, or is focused on a small plot of land, or both
New cards
12
extensive agriculture
requires limited labor input, or is spread across large areas of land, or both
New cards
13
transhumance
where groups move seasonally not only to avoid harsh climates, climates, but also to follow animal herds and walk to areas where native plants were in fruit
New cards
14
pastoralism
agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again
New cards
15
nomadic herding
a practice where whole communities would drive their herds from one seasonal grazing area to another following an annual cycle that was repeated over centuries
New cards
16
ranching
grazing livestock in a single large area,
New cards
17
mixed farming, or general farming
where multiple crops and animals exist on a single farm to provide diverse nutritional intake and non-food items, such as bone for tools and leather for different materials such as saddles, rope, and coats
New cards
18
subsistence agriculture
intensive mixed farming that provides for all of the food and material needs of a household
New cards
19
extensive subsistence agriculture
occurs when there are low amounts of labor inputs per unit of land
New cards
20
physiologic density
the number of people per unit of arable land
New cards
21
food preservation
a necessity for survival for thousands of years via drying, pickling, cooking, and storage jars that has led to many cultural variations in food consumption
New cards
22
(EX
cabbages spiced with red pepper and soaked in vinegar were buried in clay storage jars to make kimchi in Korea eight thousand years ago)
New cards
23
cash-cropping
a form of extensive agriculture in which harvested crops are exchanged for currency, goods, or credit
New cards
24
result
a system that had no surplus food and not much variety available to consumers
New cards
25
human ecology
human interactions with nature
New cards
26
food chain
the order of predators in the animal world that is used to describe several integrated human and mechanical inputs, from developing seeds to planting, fertilizing, harvesting, processing, packaging, and transporting food to market and finally to your dinner plate
New cards
27
crop rotation
occurs when one crop is planted on a plot of land and then switched to another plot in subsequent years
New cards
28
multi-cropping
the planting of more than one crop on the same plot of land
New cards
29
(EX
after summer vegetables are harvested, winter vegetables like kale and spinach can be planted and harvested before the cold)
New cards
30
double cropping
planting two crops one after another on a single plot in a year
New cards
31
triple cropping
planting three crops in the same year
New cards
32
(EX
Spring wheat is planted in the spring and harvested in late summer
New cards
33
irrigation
opens up more land to cultivation than would normally be possible in arid climates and is responsible for close to three-quarters of world freshwater use and up to 90 percent of freshwater use in the most poverty-stricken countries of the world
New cards
34
aquifers
underground water tables that gives water to irrigation farms
New cards
35
conservation
the practice of preserving and carefully managing the environment and its natural resources
New cards
36
conservation agriculture
an increasingly important way of providing a sustainable farming system without sacrificing crop production
New cards
37
no-tillage
involves not plowing the soil so that soil erosion is greatly reduced and soil fertility is increased by retaining natural vegetation
New cards
38
inter-planting
planting fast-growing crops alongside slow-growing crops, allowing a farmer to harvest the fast-growing crop before the slow-growing crop shades it out
New cards
39
sustainable yield
the amount of crops or animals that can be raised without endangering local resources such as soil, irrigation, or groundwater, or what can be raised without too many expensive inputs that would make farming unprofitable
New cards
40
(EX
corn has been used to make ethanol, an alcohol that can supplement gasoline and make it burn cleaner)
New cards
41
slash and burn agriculture
occurred in tropical rainforest regions with farmers shifting from one plot of land to another every few years as soil nutrients become depleted
New cards
42
extensive pastoralism
the shifting of animal herds between grazing pastures, has remained popular in several arid parts of the world, especially Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia, where dry grassland is the common landcover
New cards
43
desertification
any human process that turns a vegetated environment into a desert-like landscape
New cards
44
soil salination
the evaporation of water that can trap mineral salts on the surface soil layer
New cards
45
EX
dietary restrictions can limit the trade of beef (to India) or pork (to Islamic societies)
New cards
46
EX
countries with larger governmental safety nets tend to support farmers in a more socialistic manner
New cards
47
EX
irrigation becomes necessary in water-scarce regions
New cards
48
vegetative planting
where the shoots, stems, and roots of existing wild plants were collected and grown together
New cards
49
seed agriculture
where the fertilized seed grains and fruits of plants were collected and replanted together
New cards
50
horticulture
where plant varieties that thrived in different soil or climate conditions were cultivated
New cards
51
hearths of domestication
the areas where most of this early agricultural activity originated
New cards
52
the Columbian exchange
domesticated New World crops that made their way to the rest of the world through relocation diffusion
New cards
53
(EX
maize, from the new world, and wheat, from the old world, were exchanged)
New cards
54
(EX
Whitneys cotton gin in 1793)
New cards
55
Green Revolution
occurred in the 1950s and 1960s when tropical plant and animal hybrids and chemical fertilizers and pesticides began to be used in Third-World agriculture
New cards
56
primary economic activity
farmers now produce one or more crops
New cards
57
secondary economic activity
process the crop
New cards
58
tertiary economic activity
advertise and market it through afarmers co-op or other market
New cards
59
(EX
BT corn has spliced genes from a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis to make them pest-resistant)
New cards
60
Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone, or rBGH
a synthetic hormone widely used in both the production of beef and milk in the United States and some other countries
New cards
61
downer cattle
beef cows that appear ill or are lame and cannot be used for human consumption, but can wind up in pet food or animal feed instead
New cards
62
organic
crops and animals must not be grown using genetic engineering, must be free of pesticides, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones, must not use artificial fertilizers, and must feed on completely organic crops
New cards
63
grass-fed cattle have also brought significantly higher prices to gourmet consumers who seek the more natural-tasting beef, as corn
and soy-based cattle feed has been blamed for less flavorful beef
New cards
64
fair trade movement
focuses on ensuring that small farmers and artisans are paid a fair price for their products
New cards
65
suitcase farmers
farm owners who have city jobs but still own land in rural areas
New cards
66
community-supported agriculture (CSA)
programs in which produce and other farm products are delivered directly to individual consumers
New cards
67
milkshed
the region around a city to which fresh milk is delivered without spoiling In terms of travel time and distance
New cards
68
ultra-high temperature (UHT) pasteurization
a new milk preservation method where milk is flash-pasteurized at very high temperatures and under pressure to keep the water in it from turning to steam and then stored in a sterile box container that is sealed in plastic to prevent contamination
New cards
69
commodity chains
links between producers and consumers in the journey from raw material to delivery of a finished product
New cards
70
Inputs
Farming requires a number of elements to maximize both the size and quality of crop yield, such as fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides, water, tools, mechanical equipment, training, certifications, and research & development
New cards
71
Production
Growing and harvesting crops takes place
New cards
72
Processing
Raw agricultural goods are turned into consumer products
New cards
73
Distribution
Agricultural products are sent to market by contracting with outside transport providers
New cards
74
Consumption
retailers and restaurants sell the final product to consumers
New cards
75
commodity-dependent
when a single product or type of good accounts for more than 60% of its exports
New cards
76
Von Thünens Model
land use (the type of farming) is determined by how labor intensive the type of farming is
New cards
77
Village
the organization of a central marketplace and place of consumption for the agricultural goods produced in the surrounding area
New cards
78
Intensive Farming
Labor-intensive crops include fruits, garden vegetables, herbs, and anything that required constant tending or weeding or that needed to be picked for market at a particular time
New cards
79
Village Forest
A managed forest was needed to meet the energy and lumber needs of the community
New cards
80
Extensive Farming
Labor-extensive crops require large plots of land and far less tending because they dominated potential weed invaders
New cards
81
Grazing Lands
Highlands in peripheral areas were often not suitable for crop farming but perfect for grazing
New cards
82
cost-to-distance relationship
an inverse relationship between the value of labor and the distance from the center of the model; the higher the total labor costs, the closer it is to the center, and the lower the labor costs, the farther it is from the center
New cards
83
land-rent curve
a mathematical function that shows the changes in rent prices across the model
New cards
84
primary economy
timber, fisheries, and mineral and energy resources
New cards
85
intensive agriculture
requires lots of labor input, or is focused on a small plot of land, or both
New cards
86
extensive agriculture
requires limited labor input, or is spread across large areas of land, or both
New cards
87
transhumance
where groups move seasonally not only to avoid harsh climates, climates, but also to follow animal herds and walk to areas where native plants were in fruit
New cards
88
pastoralism
agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again
New cards
89
nomadic herding
practice where whole communities would drive their herds from one seasonal grazing area to another following an annual cycle that was repeated over centuries
New cards
90
ranching
farming for the raising of livestock
New cards
91
multi-cropping
the planting of more than one crop on the same plot of land
New cards
92
mixed/general farming
where multiple crops and animals exist on a single farm to provide diverse nutritional intake and non-food items, such as bone for tools and leather for different materials such as saddles, rope, and coats
New cards
93
subsistence agriculture
intensive mixed farming that provides for all of the food and material needs of a household
New cards
94
extensive subsistence agriculture
occurs when there are low amounts of labor inputs per unit of land
New cards
95
physiologic density
the number of people per unit of arable land
New cards
96
food preservation
a necessity for survival for thousands of years via drying, pickling, cooking, and storage jars that has led to many cultural variations in food consumption
New cards
97
cash-cropping
a form of extensive agriculture in which harvested crops are exchanged for currency, goods, or credit
New cards
98
human ecology
human interactions with nature
New cards
99
food chain
the order of predators in the animal world that is used to describe several integrated human and mechanical inputs, from developing seeds to planting, fertilizing, harvesting, processing, packaging, and transporting food to market and finally to your dinner plate
New cards
100
crop-rotation
occurs when one crop is planted on a plot of land and then switched to another plot in subsequent years
Studied by 3166 people
