GH

Test 1 Study Guide

Piecewise functions

  • f(x) = {
  • Plug in values appropriately and solve (if it doesn’t work put undefined)
  • Graph using an open circle for less/greater than and a closed circle for less/greater or equal than
  • Find the domain and range based on the graph (use {3} and U for singular values)
  • Discontinous = break in the graph, x = [number]
  • Show work for hole, vertex, and 2 points of parabola
    • To find the graph of functions with holes, factor parts and try to cross out anything that cancels

Greatest integer functions

  • Marked by [[x]]
  • Apply transformations as usual
  • To find values, find the greatest integer less than or equal to x and apply transformations

Writing absolute value as piecewise

  • Set the original greater than or equal to 0
  • Solve for x, that is your first “for”
  • Find the opposite (switch all signs) of the original and set it greater than 0
  • Solve for x again, that is your second “for” and should be opposite

Synthetic division (basic operation)

  • P(x) is product aka what they give you, (x-c) is the divisor, q(x) is the quotient/your answer and r is the remainder
  • Put the c in the top left (c = -5 or x+5)
  • Put all the coefficients of the equation in order with their signs (if a term is skipped put a 0)
  • Pull down the first number
  • Multiply each bottom number by the top left and put it under the next term (3 x -5 = -15)
  • Continue until done
  • The last number is the remainder, the first few numbers are coefficients of the quotient/answer
  • Plug it into the forms given

Remainder Theorem

  • If a polynomial is divided by x-c, the remainder is P(c)
  • Use synthetic division on the P they give you, as is (if you have P(4) then put 4 in the top left and divide the equation as normal)
  • The answer is the remainder/the last number
  • Big degrees = big numbers

Factor Theorem

  • A polynomial has factor x-c if and only if P(c) = 0
  • If r = 0, x-c is a factor of P(x)
  • Answer with yes or no
  • Use the x = as your left number and divide normally
  • If the remainder is 0 then it is a factor

Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)

  • If P(a) and P(b) have opposite signs, then P(x) has a real zero in the interval [a, b]
  • Do synthetic division for both numbers
  • If the sign for the remainder changes (one is pos, one is neg), then the theorem applies (there is a solution in the interval)
    • Change in sign. By IVT,
  • If the sign does not change, the theorem cannot apply
    • Same sign. IVT does not apply.

Creating polynomials

  • If you have an i or a radical, make another one that is the opposite sign
    • 3i → -3i
  • Once that is done, duplicate existing terms (numbers) until you reach the degree you need
  • Then multiply out
  • If you have to multiply things with 3 terms (x + 1 + i)(x + 1 - i) use a 3x3 box
    • Put terms along the side and top
    • Multiply into the boxes
    • Add
  • Combine like terms

Rational Zeroes Theorem

  • The rational zeros will be equal to in lowest terms, where p is factors of the constant (last term) and q is factors of the leading coefficient (first number)
  • List all factors of the last number with a plus and minus sign in front of each on top
  • List all factors of the first number with a plus and minus sign in front of each on the bottom
  • Rewrite as numbers and fractions

Descartes’ Rule of Signs

  • The number of positive zeros is the same as the number of sign changes in the original function, or an even number less
  • If you get 4, the number is 4, 2, or 0
  • The number of negative zeros is the same as the number of sign changes in P(-x)
    • Switch the signs of the odd degree terms
  • Count sign changes in the original and the -x
  • Make a table with positive, negative, and complex
  • Start with the highest number of positive and negative zeros, putting complex next to it if needed to fulfill the number of zeros (equal to highest degree)
    • 2, 2, 0
  • Then put the lower number of negative zeros in the next row, filling in the difference with complex numbers
    • 2, 0, 2
  • Put the lower number of positive zeros and the higher number of negative zeros
    • 0, 2, 2
  • Finally put the lowest number of each and fill in with complex
    • 0, 0, 2

Finding zeros of a function

  • Check for 1 and -1 first
  • Add up all the coefficients, if the sum is 0 then 1 is a zero
  • Add up all coefficients of f(-x), if the sum is 0 then -1 is a zero
  • Synthetic divide by 1 and/or -1 if they are zeros
  • Use the calculator to peek at what a zero might be
  • Synthetic divide (if the remainder is 0 you found one)
  • After each synthetic division use the quotient for the next division to make it faster
  • Once you get a quadratic factor the quadratic
    • If it cannot be factored use the pythagorean theorem to find radicals/imaginary solutions
  • List solutions in set notation
    • x = {2, 3, 9} or x ∈ {2, 3, 9}
  • Write the factored form based on the solutions if necessary

Graphing a polynomial

  • Leading term test
  • If the term is positive, the right side goes up
  • If the term is negative, the right side goes down
  • If the degree is odd, the function behaves like a line (opposite directions)
  • If the degree is even, the function behaves like a parabola (same direction)
  • Write rises or falls
  • To find the relative maxima/minima, use the calculator (2nd trace)
  • To find the x-intercepts, find the zeroes using synthetic division (show work)
  • To find the y-intercept, use the constant (last term) and write f(0) (or whatever letter) as work
  • Graph by plotting all points (add some if needed) and connect the dots

Zero-multiplicity-cross/touch tables

  • Factor and find zeros like normal
  • Put the zeroes in the first column
  • Determine the multiplicity (how many times each zero appears)
  • Decide if cross or turning point
    • Maximum # of turning points = highest degree - 1
    • Cross if odd multiplicity, tp if even