AP Psychology Unit 7: Personality, Motivation, and Emotion

Psychodynamic Theory

our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by hidden (unconscious) feelings and past experiences, even if we don't realize it

3 Energies of the mind:

Unconscious:ID (I desire to do something rebellious and I will do it)

Sex & aggression, desire 2 do something & going to do it, the little devil

Conscious:Ego (Always consciously making rational choices)

Reality principle: Striving 4 perfection, having 2 make the decision

Preconscious: Superego (Maybe you should do that, u could get in trouble)

Just below our awareness, guilty conscience, angel on ur shoulder

Defense Mechanism

Unconscious strategies to protect the ego.

Displacement (Mad at the wrong person)

Aggression of the ID, energy is now transferred 2 another person, Ex: Being mad at someone, and reacting 2 someone else, being mad at the wrong person: family, hitting the wall)

Repression (Remove painful memories in the mind's basement)

Unconsciously blocking out painful memories.

Reaction Formation (Feel hate? Act like you love them-The reaction is the opposite)

Acting in the opposite then what you really feel, saying that you may feel happy but your really not

Projection (Project your feelings like a movie - 'You hate me,' but really I hate you.")

It's when you take your own uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, or impulses and "project" them onto someone else to avoid dealing with them yourself

You're really mad at your friend…→ But instead of admitting it, you say "Why are you mad at me?"→ That's projection. You "project" your anger onto them.

Regression ("When stressed, I Regress to a 5-year-old tantrum.")

Reverting to immature behaviors under stress.

Denial

Refusing to accept reality or facts

Rationalization ("Rational lies help me feel okay about bad choices.")

Justifying behaviors with logical reasons often to justify it and avoid confronting the true reasons.

Sublimation ("Sublime skills from stress - channel anger into art or sports.")

Healthy mature way of dealing w/ urges that may be undesirable or immature, displacing anger on someone, and instead you decide 2 go on a run a way to deal with the anger

Humanistic Psychology (Humans strive to grow like flowers in the right soil."

Focus on personal growth and self-actualization.

Positive Psychology ¨Positivity promotes personal potential."

Emphasis on strengths and positive aspects of life.

Positive regard ("People like praise - positive regard = approval.")

the acceptance and support from others that fosters self-esteem and personal growth.

Unconditional Positive Regard ("Love me no matter what - no conditions attached.")

where individuals are accepted without conditions or qualifications, promoting a healthy self-concept.

Conditions of worth: (You're worthy only if you meet my conditions.")

Acceptance if… (doing something)

Ideal Self (I aspired to be like Mona Lisa)

The person one aspires to be.

Real Self ("Real = Who I actually am right now.")

Seeing the truth of who you are

Self Cognitive theory

Reciprocal Determinism (How I see myself, what am i useful in)

Explores how one views themselves and in relation 2 others and how effective are you, self esteem contributes 2 self concept

Internal personal factors (thoughts and feelings)

Behavior

Environmental factors (getting praised)

Trait Theory ("Traits are stable labels - patterns of behavior that define us.")

Personality defined by enduring characteristics.

Chances are those have been consistent throughout our lives, predictable to those who know us best, and are stable in different situations

we all share 5 common traits, but because they show differently in all of us, there are an infinite # of personalities around the world.

Factor Analysis ("Factor = Find patterns in personality piles.")

A math/statistical method that helps group similar traits together.

The Big 5

Five dimensions of personality: CANOE.

Conscientiousness (DPI, DOT)

Low Scores: Disorganized, procrastinates, impulsive

High scores: Disciplined, organized, thorough

Agreeableness (SUS, TEH)

Low Scores: Suspicious, uncooperative, self centered

High Scores: Trusting, empathetic, helpful

Neuroticism (CHS. AWI)

Low Scores: Calm, handles stress well, stable emotions

High Scores: Anxious, worrisome, insecure

Openness to Experience (PRN, PIT)

Low Scores: Prefers routine, resistant to new ideas, not very creative

High Scores: Prefers variety, imaginative, takes on new challenges

Extroversion (RAQ. STO)

Low Scores: Reserved, avoids spotlight, quiet

High Scores: Sociable, talkative, outgoing

Motivation

Instincts "Born to survive - instincts drive actions."

Many animals act automatically w/out thinking, and dopamine makes them want rewards and go after them

Eating: (BEPS)

physical and mental processes interact

Ghrelin and Leptin (knowing when full)

External factors:

boredom, energy tastes good, peer pressure, stress

Theories of motivation: Drive Reduction Theory (PDRG)

Physiological needs: food or water

Drive: hunger or thirst

Response: eating or drinking

Goal: homeostasis

Arousal Theory "CET"

sometimes we're driven to increase arousal through, curiosity, experimentation, thrill seeking

Self-Determination Theory

Intrinsic motivation "Inside me - I do it for joy, not a prize."

Doing it out of enjoyment

Extrinsic motivation "External rewards drive my action - for money, not meaning."

Doing it to get something out of it, money, trophy, good grades

Incentive Theory "Incentives = external lures pulling behavior."

Motivation driven by external rewards. you wouldn't do something if you didn't get anything out of it

Motivational Conflicts

Approach- Approach

2 desirable outcomes, 2 positives

Approach Avoidance:

1 things is positive, the other is negative, you really like chocolate but you are allergic of it

Avoidance Avoidance

2 negatives, choosing from 2 bad things

Sensation Seeking Theory "Thrill chasers crave intense feelings."

some people really like trying new things or having different experiences. They feel motivated to do exciting or unusual activities because it makes them happy and interested

Experience seeking, thrill or adventure seeking

Emotion

Primary:

Will affect you personally?, past experiences

Secondary

How should you deal w/ the event?

Broaden and Build Theory of Emotions

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Smile and then you feel happy, or make someone else happy

Expression of emotions is universally common

Anger, Disgust, Sadness, Happiness, Surprise, Fear

Display Rules (Don't cry here! Culture controls how emotions show)

Cultural norms for expressing emotions.

Ex: appearing to be happy for a couple at a wedding. showing appropriate sadness at a funeral, although laughter is sometimes permitted.