C.4 MORAL DEVELOPMENT

A 7-year-old child avoids lying because they fear being scolded by their teacher. According to Kohlberg, this is:
A. Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment
B. Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
C. Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord
D. Stage 4: Law and Order

A. Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment

In Kohlberg’s theory, Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange) emphasizes:
A. Avoiding punishment
B. Following universal ethical principles
C. Seeking personal gain or mutual benefits
D. Upholding the law for social order

C. Seeking personal gain or mutual benefits

A teenager helps their classmates because they want to be seen as “kind” and well-liked. This demonstrates:
A. Stage 2
B. Stage 3
C. Stage 4
D. Stage 5

B. Stage 3

An adult votes to change a law they see as unjust because they believe in democratic reform. This reflects:
A. Stage 3: Good Boy/Good Girl
B. Stage 4: Law and Order
C. Stage 5: Social Contract
D. Stage 6: Universal Principles

C. Stage 5: Social Contract

A person refuses to cheat on an exam, not because of fear of punishment or rules, but because they believe honesty is a universal human value. This is:
A. Stage 2
B. Stage 4
C. Stage 5
D. Stage 6

D. Stage 6

Which Kohlberg level emphasizes self-interest and avoiding punishment?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Cosmic

A. Preconventional

Which level is focused on law and order and pleasing authority?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. None

B. Conventional

Postconventional morality is marked by:
A. Avoiding punishment
B. Law obedience only
C. Principles and universal justice
D. Self-interest

C. Principles and universal justice

A 25-year-old refuses to follow an unjust law because it violates human rights. Which level are they in?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Heteronomous

C. Postconventional

A child says: “Stealing is always bad because rules can never change.” This fits best with:
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Piaget’s Heteronomous Morality
D. Postconventional

C. Piaget’s Heteronomous Morality

In the Cosmic Stage, people think about the impact of their actions on:
A. Their peers
B. Their society only
C. The universe as a whole
D. Their self-interest

C. The universe as a whole

Gilligan criticized Kohlberg’s theory as:
A. Too focused on women
B. Too focused on justice over care
C. Ignoring societal laws
D. Rejecting universal principles

B. Too focused on justice over care

Gilligan argued that women emphasize:
A. Power and control
B. Justice and fairness
C. Caring and avoiding harm
D. Rule obedience

C. Caring and avoiding harm

A woman avoids hurting a friend’s feelings because she values relationships over abstract justice. This reflects:
A. Kohlberg Stage 4
B. Piaget’s Autonomous Morality
C. Gilligan’s Ethics of Care
D. Cosmic Stage

C. Gilligan’s Ethics of Care

Gilligan’s perspective emphasizes morality as:
A. Justice-based
B. Relationship-based
C. Punishment-based
D. Absolute-rule based

B. Relationship-based

Piaget’s Heteronomous Morality is typical of ages:
A. Birth–5
B. 5–9
C. 9–20
D. 20+

B. 5–9

The belief that “If I break a rule, punishment will happen immediately” is called:
A. Moral Realism
B. Immanent Justice
C. Moral Relativism
D. Social Contract

B. Immanent Justice

A child believes stealing candy is equally bad whether someone steals 1 piece or 100. This shows:
A. Heteronomous Morality
B. Autonomous Morality
C. Postconventional Morality
D. Gilligan’s Care

A. Heteronomous Morality

Around age 9–10, children begin to see rules as flexible and based on agreements. This is:
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Autonomous Morality
D. Heteronomous Morality

C. Autonomous Morality

Moral Relativism means:
A. Rules are absolute and unchangeable
B. Morality depends on intentions and context
C. Laws must always be followed
D. Punishment is immediate

B. Morality depends on intentions and context

Piaget’s Moral Realism is closest to Kohlberg’s:
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 3
C. Stage 4
D. Stage 6

A. Stage 1

Piaget’s Autonomous Morality is most similar to Kohlberg’s:
A. Preconventional
B. Stage 2
C. Postconventional
D. Stage 1

C. Postconventional

Which theorist emphasized relationships and care over justice?
A. Piaget
B. Kohlberg
C. Gilligan
D. Freud

C. Gilligan

Kohlberg is to justice as Gilligan is to:
A. Power
B. Care
C. Rules
D. Obedience

B. Care

A child obeys rules because “God will punish me otherwise.” This reflects:
A. Heteronomous Morality
B. Autonomous Morality
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 5

A. Heteronomous Morality

A 10-year-old says: “It’s not fair to punish me if I didn’t mean to break the vase.” This best fits:
A. Immanent Justice
B. Moral Realism
C. Autonomous Morality
D. Preconventional

C. Autonomous Morality

A 15-year-old refuses to cheat in class because they want to maintain their reputation as a “good student.” This is:
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 5

C. Stage 3

A protester disobeys a law restricting free speech, saying: “Justice requires standing up for truth.” This is:
A. Stage 3
B. Stage 4
C. Stage 5
D. Stage 6

D. Stage 6

A girl comforts her friend not because of rules, but because she doesn’t want them to feel hurt. This matches:
A. Kohlberg Stage 4
B. Gilligan’s Care Perspective
C. Piaget’s Heteronomous
D. Cosmic Stage

B. Gilligan’s Care Perspective

A boy says: “Rules are made by people, and we can change them if we all agree.” This fits:
A. Stage 2
B. Stage 3
C. Autonomous Morality
D. Stage 1

C. Autonomous Morality

Which stage is often called “Law and Order Morality”?
A. Stage 3
B. Stage 4
C. Stage 5
D. Stage 6

B. Stage 4

Which Kohlberg stage involves seeing morality as a “social contract”?
A. Stage 2
B. Stage 4
C. Stage 5
D. Stage 6

C. Stage 5

Which Piaget concept means morality is objective and resides in the rules themselves?
A. Moral Relativism
B. Moral Realism
C. Autonomous Morality
D. Immanent Justice

B. Moral Realism

At which age range does Piaget say children start Autonomous Morality?
A. 2–4
B. 5–9
C. 9–10+
D. Adulthood

C. 9–10+

Gilligan argued Kohlberg’s theory was sexist because:
A. It ignored men’s morality
B. It emphasized rules over care
C. It prioritized women’s perspectives
D. It was only about punishment

B. It emphasized rules over care

In Gilligan’s ethics, the highest moral orientation is:
A. Universal principles
B. Care and avoiding harm
C. Obedience to authority
D. Punishment avoidance

B. Care and avoiding harm

A child refusing to steal because “it’s against the law” reflects which level?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Cosmic

B. Conventional

A person making choices based on justice, equality, and human rights is at which Kohlberg stage?
A. Stage 3
B. Stage 4
C. Stage 5
D. Stage 6

D. Stage 6

A 6-year-old believes rules cannot be changed by anyone. This reflects:
A. Heteronomous Morality
B. Autonomous Morality
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 6

A. Heteronomous Morality

Piaget’s “Rejection of Immanent Justice” is most similar to:
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 5
D. Stage 6

C. Stage 5

A 20-year-old refuses to follow a law discriminating minorities because it goes against universal justice. This is:
A. Stage 4
B. Stage 5
C. Stage 6
D. Autonomous

C. Stage 6

A girl believes “It’s bad to hit someone because it hurts their feelings, not just because it breaks a rule.” This reflects:
A. Moral Realism
B. Autonomous Morality
C. Stage 1
D. Gilligan’s Care

D. Gilligan’s Care

A child says: “If you steal, you will be punished immediately.” This is:
A. Moral Realism
B. Immanent Justice
C. Moral Relativism
D. Autonomous Morality

B. Immanent Justice

Which theorist added a Cosmic Stage to moral reasoning?
A. Freud
B. Piaget
C. Kohlberg
D. Gilligan

C. Kohlberg

Which Kohlberg stage is MOST concerned with pleasing others?
A. Stage 2
B. Stage 3
C. Stage 4
D. Stage 5

B. Stage 3

Conventional morality covers which ages approximately?
A. Birth–9
B. 9–20
C. 20+
D. None

B. 9–20

Which concept refers to children’s belief that punishment follows wrongdoing automatically, even without detection?
A. Moral Relativism
B. Moral Realism
C. Immanent Justice
D. Heteronomous Morality

C. Immanent Justice

According to Kohlberg, most adults remain in which level of morality?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Cosmic

B. Conventional

Gilligan’s perspective can BEST be summarized as:
A. Morality = Justice
B. Morality = Relationships and Care
C. Morality = Punishment and Obedience
D. Morality = Abstract Logic

B. Morality = Relationships and Care

Which of the following is TRUE of Kohlberg’s theory?
A. It equally considers moral thought and behavior
B. It overemphasizes behavior instead of thought
C. It emphasizes moral thought, not behavior
D. It rejects universal ethical principles

C. It emphasizes moral thought, not behavior