[02.03] Social and Behavioral Health V2.1.pdf

Preventive medicine

What is the term for limiting infections with the least possible cost and dealing with something immediately to help public health?

Bhutan

Which country was successful in dealing with a public health emergency, as an example for positive handling of the COVID-19 pandemic due to immediate response?

Social inequity

From a critical point of view, what idea do public health strategies illuminate?

Quick decision-making on screening, tracing, isolating, and treating cases; vaccination; deliberate delay to coordinate stakeholders; collaboration with medical anthropologists; low population

What were some key factors contributing to Bhutan's successful implementation of COVID-19 strategies?

93%

What percentage of Bhutan's adult population was inoculated in 2 weeks during their vaccination program?

Cultural brokerage

What is the term for translating or bridging the gap between the viewpoint of program implementers and community members, which is one of the contributions of medical anthropologists?

Royal Monastic body (King and Prime Minister), Ministry of Health (Health Minister), Zhung Drastang (traditional leaders)

Which groups collaborated in Bhutan's well-managed vaccination program, with the help of a medical anthropological approach?

Buddhist monks chanted prayers to ward off disease to coincide with the first jab

What cultural practice did Bhutan incorporate into its vaccination program, demonstrating an appreciation for cultural nuances?

A known neurosurgeon from the PGH

Who was the first person to get vaccinated in the Philippines to show people that the vaccine is trusted by medical scientists?

A woman born in the year of the monkey, at 9:30 AM with butter lamps

Based on their culture and belief in astrology, who was chosen to receive the first jab in Bhutan and under what specific conditions?

Singer and Rylko-Bauer (2020)

Which article is recommended for a better understanding of medical anthropology in understanding public and community health?

Behavior and social factors

What two aspects play a role and contribute to public health solutions and policies, according to the learning objectives?

Analyze public health issues and challenges from the perspective of social and behavioral health

What is one of the learning objectives related to public health issues?

Archaeology

Which subfield of anthropology is the study of artifacts, which are material culture produced, fashioned, or used by human beings?

Artifacts

What are material culture produced, fashioned, or used by human beings, which are studied in archaeology?

Materia medica

What term refers to the materials required as a medical practitioner?

Linguistics

Which subfield of anthropology looks at how language is used and its meanings, particularly in communicating without discriminating?

Social and Cultural Anthropology

What is one of the four initial subfields of anthropology that focuses on societal and cultural aspects?

Biological or Physical Anthropology

Which subfield of anthropology specializes in evolution, genetics, and health, and is also known as "medical anthropology"?

Medical anthropology

What is another name for Biological or Physical Anthropology?

Applied Anthropology

Which subfield of anthropology involves the application of theories, methods, and different disciplines to solve human problems, including the prevention of medical emergencies?

It was considered debatable and not easily welcomed in the scholarly field because it was seen as "applied" and going by people’s conceptions

Why was Applied Anthropology initially considered debatable in the scholarly field?

Critiques that have prevented collaboration

What have readings about medical anthropology and epidemiology generated, according to Inhorn (1995)?

Disciplinary brokerage

What does Inhorn (1995) point out as what divides epidemiologists and anthropologists at an interdisciplinary level?

Cultural brokerage

What is the term for understanding each other within the community, as distinct from disciplinary brokerage?

Five areas of collaboration

How many areas of collaboration does Inhorn (1995) call for bridging the divide between epidemiology and anthropology?

Epidemiologists study diseases; Anthropologists study illness experiences

What is the first critique regarding the different focuses of epidemiology and anthropology?

Biomedical and statistical-based

What is the focus of epidemiologists, often described as very quick at looking at factors?

Patterns of given populations and social contexts

What two things are both epidemiology and anthropology concerned with, suggesting there should be no divide?

Marginal position in relation to biomedicine

What common position do both epidemiology and anthropology share, leading some doctors to question their relevance?

Epidemiology is reductionist and positivistic; Anthropology is holistic and humanistic

What is the second critique regarding the methodological approaches of epidemiology and anthropology?

Too positivistic, computer-based, and concerned with number crunching

How is epidemiology often stereotyped in the second critique?

The Bhutan study and the works of ASMPH professors

What does Professor Roldan believe dispels the notion that epidemiology is too positivistic and reductionist?

Breadth, interdisciplinary vigor, and critical reflexivity

What does Inhorn argue that epidemiology does not lack, indicating it's not fixed or limited?

Epidemiology and Anthropology employ different methods

What is the third critique regarding the methodological approaches of epidemiology and anthropology?

Interviewing, looking at archival records, Review of Related Literature (RRL)

What specific qualitative research tools do epidemiologists possess, according to the source?

Medical Anthropology has more variety of methods

Which field is noted for having a greater variety of methods compared to epidemiology?

Issue-based and solution-finding based

What are the characteristics of epidemiology in terms of its problem-solving approach?

Epidemiologists blame victims for their risky behavior; Anthropologists look at macro-level conditions giving rise to those behaviors

What is the fourth critique regarding victim-blaming?

Clinical doctors who just want to treat the body

Who is this critique (victim-blaming) primarily aimed at?

Cultural relativism

What concept is mentioned as an issue, reminding that it doesn't mean condoning what might be wrong?

Social and cultural solutions

What kind of solutions do we find, besides individual promotion, based on health problems and behavior anecdotes?

Epidemiology generates risks and medicalizes life; Anthropologists critique risks and attempt to alleviate human suffering

What is the fifth critique regarding the generation and critique of risks?

Medicalization

What term refers to where normal life stages are medicalized and defined as risky?

Poverty, chronic malnutrition, infectious disease, occupational toxins, environmental degradation, violent crimes, political turmoil

What are many risks effects of, according to the source?

Neurocentric conception from biomedicine

How are risks sometimes conceived, though founded on empirical and careful analysis?

Synthetic, interdisciplinary anthropological and epidemiological research

What type of research is noted as relatively rare due to perceived divergences?

Understanding how the well-being of human beings is directly affected by their physical, social, and cultural environments

What is the anthropology of, according to Inhorn (1995)?

WHO

Which organization defines social determinants of health as the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age?

Conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age

What is the WHO definition of social determinants of health?

The distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels

What shapes the circumstances of social determinants of health?

Health inequities

What are social determinants of health mostly responsible for, referring to unfair and avoidable differences in health status?

Gender, Race, Sexuality, Disability, Geography, Age, Education, Circumstances

List some examples of social determinants of health mentioned in the source.

Collaborating with all stakeholders who could come together to bridge gaps

What is highlighted as important for addressing social determinants of health, particularly in diverse contexts like the Philippines versus Bhutan?

Socioeconomics, cultural divides, and environmental conditions

What three broad categories should be looked at within the framework of social determinants of health?

Work environment, Education, Agriculture and food production, Unemployment, Water and sanitation, Health care services, Housing

What are some examples of living and working conditions included in the social determinants of health framework?

Social and community networks

What component of the social determinants of health framework may work with or against an individual?

Begin by examining individual lifestyle factors, then examine other support systems and community networks

What are the suggested steps for beginning to analyze the social determinants of health?

What factors exacerbate the different aspects of any disease

What does examining social determinants of health show?

Biopsychosocial Perspective Biological, Psychological, Social

What are the three main types of factors in the Biopsychosocial Perspective?

Genetics, Variation, Bacteria, Viruses

List some examples of biological factors in the Biopsychosocial Perspective.

Behavioral, Mental processes, Cognition, Emotion, Motivation

List some examples of psychological factors in the Biopsychosocial Perspective.

Family, Community, Society, Work, Housing, Social support or lack thereof, Ethnicity, Class

List some examples of social factors in the Biopsychosocial Perspective.

Brofenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory

Which framework looks at indicating levels from within that change through time, starting with the individual?

Microsystem

What level in Brofenbrenner's theory involves direct interactions, such as dyads and triads (parent-child)?

Mesosystem

What level in Brofenbrenner's theory describes the relations between and among systems?

Exosystem

What level in Brofenbrenner's theory involves settings you do not directly participate in but influence you?

Macrosystem

What level in Brofenbrenner's theory represents the ideology and organization of social institutions as dynamic, influencing changes in behavior and development?

Global health

What is given as an example of a macrosystem?

Common framework used in medical anthropology

What is the Social Ecological Model described as in medical anthropology?

Individual, Interpersonal, Structural

What are the three main tiers of factors influencing vaccination intention and uptake in the Social Ecological Model?

Beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, health literacy

What are examples of individual factors in the Social Ecological Model influencing vaccination?

Relationships, networks

What are examples of interpersonal factors in the Social Ecological Model influencing vaccination?

Health systems and service delivery, media, policies

What are examples of structural factors in the Social Ecological Model influencing vaccination?

Structural component

Which component of the Social Ecological Model is critical because it highlights that not everything is an individual's fault, challenging victim-blaming?

Framework Transforming processes

What does the Sustainable Livelihood Framework look at to understand what would change things?

Differential exposures and vulnerabilities

What else does the Sustainable Livelihood Framework examine to understand who would or would not gain from a transfer and their context?

Political, economic, and environmental conditions

What three conditions can the Sustainable Livelihood Framework also address?

Relationship of human beings with their environment

What does Cultural Ecology study?

Species-centric

How did Jane Goodall describe humans in their view of other species and resources?

Physical, biological, and cultural components

According to the Working Model of Ecology and Health, what three components make up the environment affecting human health, forming an ecosystem?

Culture, our ideas, the technology we use and our social organization

What does the source state are part of what we consider the environment?

Adaptation

What is defined as "changes, modifications, and variations enabling a person or group to survive in a given environment"?

Eskimos and Nepalese children

What two groups are given as examples of human adaptation?

Did satisfy their nutritional needs, and even got better nutrition than boys with families in rural places and the city

What surprising finding came from a study about street children and their nutritional needs?

No single cause of disease (arise from ecosystem imbalances)

What is a core tenet of the systems approach to understanding illness regarding its cause?

Biological, physical, and cultural system that continually affect each other

Within what system do health and disease occur, according to the systems approach?

Psychosocial environment influenced by social values and worldview

What kind of environment do people create and live in, beyond the physical environment?

Public Health

What is defined as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts"?

Self-management

What is highlighted as an important aspect of health, in contrast to definitions that are seen as complete?

International Health

Which term relates to health practices, policies, and systems, and stresses countries' differences over their similarities, often applied to low to middle-income countries?

Global Health

Which term refers to any issue that concerns many countries or is affected by transnational determinants (e.g., climate change, urbanization) or issues (e.g., polio eradication)?

Scope of problems

What does "Global" in global health refer to?

Epidemic infectious diseases (Dengue, influenza A/H5N1, HIV infections), tobacco control, micronutrient deficiencies, obesity, injury prevention, migrant worker health, and migration of health workers

List some examples of issues that global health should address.

Four Social Theories (Kleinman, 2010) Lacks theories that can generalize findings through iterative knowledge construction, empirical testing, critique, new generalization, and so on

What is a critique of global health problems, suggesting they are more than a discipline?

Robert Merton

Who is associated with the concept of "Unintended Consequences of Purposive Action"?

Routine evaluation and modification to do no harm

What does the theory of Unintended Consequences of Purposive Action require for health programs?

Vaccination campaigns (dengue, polio, COVID-19), China’s one-child policy

List some examples of policies or campaigns that can have unintended consequences.

Dengvaxia, which involved inoculating 800,000 children without ample evidence, causing issues and deaths that were politicized and detracted from vaccine acceptance

What specific example of a vaccination campaign is given to illustrate unintended consequences in the Philippines?

Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman

Who developed the concept of "Social Construction" in the 1960s?