APUSH ID Terms Test

Credit to @elisabeth_ls_06 from Quizlet

Compromise of 1850

CA is admitted as a free state (forever upset the balance), Fugitive Slave Law is passed, slave trade abolished in Washington D.C., popular sovereignty established below 36°30' line

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

proposed by Senator Douglas of Illinois - created Nebraska and Kansas as states & gave the people in those territories the right to choose to be either a free or slave state through popular sovereignty - repealed Missouri Compromise, North received route of transcontinental railroad, fostered end of Whig Party, and led to violence between pro- and anti-slavery forces

Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857

ruled that African Americans cannot be U.S. citizens and that Congress has no power to forbid slavery in U.S. territories

Lincoln-Douglas debates 1858

Lincoln: a nation will be slave or it will be free - a house divided against itself cannot stand
Douglas: Freeport Doctrine - popular sovereignty can work if territorial legislatures don't pass laws protecting slavery
Douglas won, but Lincoln gained national attention

John Brown's Raid 1859

John Brown planned to secure the federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, VA, and start slave revolts across the South - became a martyr to many abolitionists and increased southern fears of slave revolts

The Civil War 1861-1865

deadliest war in American history - conflict between the Union and Confederacy - 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union - caused by historic, economic, social, and political sectional differences that were further emotionalized by the slavery issue

Homestead Act 1862

encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee - settlers were required to develop and remain on the land for 5 years

Emancipation Proclamation 1863

declared all enslaved persons in the rebellious states free - guaranteed all slaves would be freed if the Union won the war - helped keep the British from allying with the Confederacy - changed the war objective - a war to end slavery

Ten Percent Plan 1864

Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction - states could be readmitted once 10% of voters took a loyalty oath - pardons would be given to most who took loyalty oath and allowed for emancipation

Freedmen's Bureau 1865

an agency of early Reconstruction, founded by Lincoln, to help freemen in the South - education, medical care, job training - the United States' first "welfare agency"

Black Codes 1865

imposed slavery-like restrictions on blacks and angered the North - made segregation commonplace and made it difficult for African-Americans to leave the South

Thirteenth Amendment 1865

outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime

Military Reconstruction Act 1867

ex-rebel states were divided into 5 military districts, Republicans dominated state governments, African-American men allowed to vote and serve in elected office, new state constitutions had to be written before readmission - 50% loyalty oath required

"Seward's Folly" 1867

Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million - critics attacked Seward, claiming it was a waste of money, but gold was later discovered

Fourteenth Amendment 1868

citizenship granted to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., and guarantee of equal protection and due process of law - overturned 3/5 Compromise

Fifteenth Amendment 1870

universal male suffrage, right to vote cannot be denied

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America - ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII - the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group - extreme example of nativism of the period

Pendleton Act 1883

under the presidency of Chester Arthur - established the Civil Service Commission - designated jobs were awarded based on merit

Haymarket Affair 1886

protest in Haymarket Square in Chicago - bomb killed 11 people, including 7 policemen - led to the end of the Knights of Labor

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

forbade contracts or combinations that restrained competition - no monopolies

Homestead Steel Strike 1892

strike at Carnegie's steel plant in Homestead, PA - Pinkerton agents hired as "strikebreakers" - shootout occured between workers and agents - 16 killed - union is dead

United States v. E.C. Knight Company 1895

declared manufacturing a strictly intrastate activity (out of the contol of Congress) - made the Sherman Antitrust Act ineffective

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal"

Northern Securities Company v. United States 1904

set a precedent for government regulation under Roosevelt - a holding company formed for the express purpose of limiting competition is guilty of restraint of trade and in violation of the federal antitrust acts

Lochner v. New York 1905

court voided a 10 hour day - stated the law violated a worker's "liberty of contract"

Meat Inspection Act 1906

federal guidelines established to ensure safety of products - followed the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle - exposed the horrors of the meat-packing industry

Muller v. Oregon 1908

upheld a 10 hour work day for women based on sociological data - first time the court accepted sociological data - long hours made women neglectful wives and mothers

Federal Reserve Act 1913

established the Federal Reserve, a central banking system in control of all paper currency, extending credit to member banks, and controlling interest rates

Sixteenth Amendment 1913

gave Congress the power to collect taxes on people's income - established graduated income tax

World War I 1914-1918

European conflict challenges U.S. policy of neutrality -Allied victory intended to make the world safe for democracy and self-determination - League of Nations established - U.S. did not join

Federal Trade Commission 1914

a regulatory act - agency has the power to file antitrust lawsuits - replaced the Bureau of Corporations - part of Woodrow Wilson's campaign to break the Triple Wall of Privilege

Bunting v. Oregon 1917

upheld a 10 hour work day for both men and women

Seventeenth Amendment 1917

popular election of U.S. senators - previously senators were indirectly elected - a success for democracy in the Progressive Era

Eighteenth Amendment 1918

banned the sale, manufacture, and transport of alcohol in the U.S.

Schenck v. United States 1919

the Espionage and Sedition Acts were upheld as constitutional in wartime - freedom of speech may be curtailed if exercising that right posed "clear and present danger" to others or to the state

Nineteenth Amendment 1920

enfranchisement of women - climactic achievement of the Progressive Era - the end of a century long struggle

Washington Armaments Conference 1921

many nations agreed to limit naval enlargement - respect of Pacific possessions - continuity of Open Door

National Origins Act 1924

a law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians
policy stayed in effect until the 1960s

Scopes "monkey" Trial 1925

a high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school - case was thus seen both as a theological contest and as a trial on whether evolution should be taught in schools - Fundamentalist-Modernist controversy

Stock Market Crash 1929

"Black Tuesday" - speculative prices "burst" and a massive selling of shares occured - stock values plunged by half entering November - Great Depression

Glass-Steagall Act 1933

banks closed for reform - deposits now guaranteed by the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)

Civilian Conservation Corps 1933

unemployment relief under the New Deal - jobs in environmental projects

Tennessee Valley Authority 1933

New Deal agency that was created to help control flooding, soil conservation, and bring hydroelectric power to the mid-south - created jobs

Social Security Act 1935

pension system for the elderly, payroll tax paid by employer, individual pays into system and receives retirement benefits - established under New Deal

National Labor Relations Act 1935

a.k.a the Wagner Act - worker guaranteed collective bargaining and has the right to join a union

Court Packing Plan 1937

FDR's proposal to expand the court from 9 to 15 justices to ensure New Deal laws passed - plan failed to pass

Fair Labor Standards Act 1938

established a minimum wage law - meant to be a living wage - no more pure capitalism - established a maximum work week

Lend-Lease Act 1940

U.S. can send supplies to threatened allies on credit - primarily aided Great Britain

Pearl Harbor 1941

Japan's surprise attack on the Pearl Harbor, killing 2400 and launching the U.S. into WWII

World War II 1941-1945

deadliest war in human history - 50 million deaths - Allies fighting Hitler, then Japan - United Nations established - international change

Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) 1942

a nonviolent civil rights organization that was committed to the "Double V" - victory over fascism abroad and racism at home - after World War II, it would become a major force in the civil rights movement

D-Day 1944

Operation Overlord - Allied invasion of Normandy, France - turning point in WWII

Smith v. Allwright 1944

outlawed "all white" primaries - gain for African-Americans during WWII

Hiroshima 1945

"Little Boy" atomic bomb was dropped on this Japanese city - 80,000 killed - number grew to 200,000 over the decade

United Nations 1945

peace keeping agency of sovereign nations - U.S. took a world leadership role, forever out of isolation

Containment 1947

U.S. policy of preventing the spread of communism to other countries, causing interventions across multiple continents - collective security against Soviet Union's malicious intentions

Berlin Airlift 1948

5,000 tons of supplies dropped daily in West Berlin for more than a year in response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin

NATO 1949

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - mutual alliance - an attack on one is an attack on all

Domino Theory 1954

theory coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower that a communist takeover in one country would cause neighboring countries to fall

Brown v. Board of Education 1954

segregation is inherently unequal and violates the 14th Amendment - overturned Plessy - called for integration of schools "with all deliberate speed"

Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955

a political and social protest campaign that started in Montgomery, Alabama, USA, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system following Rosa Park's arrest

Federal Highway Act 1956

created the interstate system - incentives: commerce, internal migration (many to Sunbelt), military mobilization

Browder v. Gayle 1956

ended segregation in public transportation

Greensboro sit-ins 1960

college students refused to give up seat at Woolworth's all-white counter - "sit-in" movement began

Mutually Assured Destruction 1962

a nuclear holocaust threat helped keep U.S. and USSR from going to war

Sixteenth Street Church bombing 1963

KKK perpetrated a bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, killing 4 young girls - in response to MLK's "I Have a Dream" speech - prompted thousands of activists

The Feminine Mystique 1963

a criticism of the traditional woman's role - women should seek independence - start of feminism in this time period

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed racial discrimination in public facilities - federal authority to enforce school desegregation

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964

Vietnam incident led to the resolution to use "any means necessary" to defeat communists in North Vietnam

Voting Rights Act of 1965

suspension of literacy tests and other fraudulent acts required for voting

Griswold v. Connecticut 1965

SCOTUS barred states from banning contraceptives - based on marital privacy

Miranda v. Arizona 1966

police must inform suspect of rights before questioning - influenced by 14th Amendment

National Organization for Women 1966

grass roots democracy - fought against sexual harassment in the workplace, for abortion rights, and equal pay

Roe v. Wade 1973

no state can ban abortion through the 2nd trimester - based on the "individual liberty" of privacy - choice

War Powers Act 1973

after the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam, Congress passed to this law to secure more control over military interventions - reduced some executive power