Foundations of Physical Education

Flashcards covering key concepts from the Foundations of Physical Education lecture.

What is the primary importance of understanding the history of physical education?

It helps professionals appreciate past developments and project future trends.

What were the main physical activities in primitive society?

Hunting, fishing, protection, communication through dance, and mimetic games.

Name one significant focus of physical education in ancient Persia.

Military skills development and promoting high moral standards.

What activities were notably engaged in during ancient Egypt?

Swimming, wrestling, and gymnastics.

What was Cong Fu in ancient China?

A mild exercise similar to gymnastics aimed at disease prevention and overall health.

Which physical activities were popular in ancient India despite Buddha's prohibitions?

Throwing balls, tumbling, chariot races, yoga, and wrestling.

What was the role of physical education in ancient Greece for boys?

It was essential for their development, emphasizing gymnastics for courage and discipline.

Identify the four major Pan-Hellenic Festivals in ancient Greece.

Olympic Festival, Pythia Festival, Nemea Festival, Isthmia Festival.

What was the Spartan approach to physical training?

Preparation for military service through rigorous training starting at age 7.

How was physical education integrated into education in ancient Athens?

It was incorporated alongside arts like philosophy, music, and literature.

Who were the paidotribes in ancient Athens?

Teachers who managed the palaestrae and supervised exercises.

What philosophical views did Plato advocate regarding physical education?

A combination of gymnastics with music for holistic education of body and soul.

What did Aristotle emphasize about athletics?

The importance of developing strong citizens for defense and civic duty.

How did Greek philosophers view physical education in the 5th century?

As an important health aid and vital for military preparedness.

Overview the influence of the Catholic Church on physical education during the Middle Ages.

It emphasized spiritual pursuits while encouraging physical labor and martial training.

What is asceticism in relation to physical education?

A philosophical approach marked by self-denial and discipline, affecting physical activity participation.

Describe the game of Soule.

A medieval sport characterized by rough gameplay with teamwork aiming to carry or kick a ball to a goal.

What was Kegeln, and where was it popular?

A ball and pins game similar to bowling, popular in medieval Germany.

What did St. Thomas Aquinas contribute to physical education?

Promoted balanced physical activity for health and well-being.

What were the core principles of chivalry regarding physical education?

Honor, loyalty, courage, and protection of the weak, alongside martial training.

What was jousting in the medieval context?

A competitive sport where knights try to knock each other off horseback with lances.

Describe the requirements for melee combat in the Middle Ages.

Strength, endurance, and agility for effective fighting.

What key physical attributes were important for hunting among the nobility?

Endurance, strength, and agility.

What involved the player preparation for the sport of Real Tennis?

Court training, physical conditioning, and mental preparation.

What was the philosophy of humanism in relation to physical education during the Renaissance?

Promoted physical health as essential for learning and overall human development.

Who was Petrus Paulus Vergerius and what was his contribution?

An Italian humanist who integrated physical education into comprehensive education.

How did Vittorio da Feltre blend Christianity with physical education?

By founding La Giocosa and establishing physical education as part of the curriculum.

What role did Martin Luther attribute to physical education?

As a means to promote health and deter vices through engagement in activities.

What six physiological benefits of exercise did Thomas Elyot list?

Aids digestion, increases appetite, promotes longevity, warms body, raises metabolism, cleanses waste.

What did Roger Ascham recognize about exercise?

As a mental refreshment that improves focus and sharpens the mind.

What activities did François Rabelais suggest for individual well-roundedness?

Horsemanship, martial arts, hunting, ball playing, running, and swimming.

What sports did Richard Mulcaster recommend in schools?

Dancing, wrestling, fencing, climbing, walking, running, leaping, swimming, ball games.

What did Michel de Montaigne advocate for?

'Manly exercise' for developing resilience through outdoor experiences.

What was John Milton's belief regarding martial arts in physical education?

It should be included for wartime utility and training.

How did John Locke view the role of physical education?

As a foundation for strong educational development through physical activity.

What activities did Jean Jacques Rousseau advocate for physical development?

Swimming, running, jumping, and throwing stones.

Who founded the Philanthropinum and what was its purpose?

Johann Bernhard Basedow, to integrate physical education into the school curriculum.

How did Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths contribute to physical education?

He established the legitimacy of the profession and health promotion through physical education.

What impact did Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel have on physical education?

Developed the theory of play, promoting physical education through play for character development.

What was Friedrich Ludwig Jahn's role in gymnastics?

Founded the German Turnverein Movement for physical education with political motives.

What did Adolph Spiess assert about P.E. programs?

They should be progressive, evolving from simple to complex exercises.

What was the emphasis of Denmark's gymnastics program?

Fitness and strength through structured exercises with limited individuality.

Who made physical education a requirement in public schools in Denmark?

Franz Nachtagall, known as the Father of Physical Education in Denmark.

What popular activities were included in England's physical education during the 1800s?

Swimming, rowing, archery, riding, hockey, quoits, tennis, golf, football, and cricket.

Who combined expertise in medicine and sports to develop a gymnastics system for the British military?

Archibald MacLaren.