Uworld chemistry not fully sure questions

In what does an acid have the highest solubility

In a basic solution

What is the standard gibbs free energy equation

∆Gº = -RTlnKeq

What is a Lewis acid

Electron acceptor

What is a Lewis base

Electron donor

What is an arrhenius acid

it is a H+ donor

What is an arrhenius base

It is a OH- donor

What is a Bronsted lowry acid

H+ donor

What is a bronsted lowry base

H+ acceptor

From which valence electron shell are electrons removed during ionization?

The shell with the greatest principal quantum number

Ex. 6s over 4f because 6 is higher than 4

What is the heisenberg uncertainty principle

Both the position and momentum of an electron cannot be determined at the same time

What is paramagnetic

how does spin align to magnetic field for paramagnetic

how do paramagnetic react to magnets

what is paramagnetic effect on magnetic field lines

Has atleast one unpaired electron

spin aligns parallel to magnetic field

attracted to magnets

field bends toward the material

What is diamagnetic?

how does spin align to magnetic field for diamagnetic

How do diamagnetic react to magnets?

What is diamagnetic effect on magnetic field lines?

Has no unpaired electrons

spin aligns antiparallel to magnetic field

very weakly repelled by magnet

field bends slightly away from material

What is hunds rule

Orbital filling should maximize the number of unpaired electrons

What is an experimental control?

Measurement taken without the independent variable

How to calculate % yield

(Actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100

Mole ratios

Used when converting from amount of one substance to amount of another substance using the mole ratios given in a chemical equation

Ex. converting from mol of one substance to mol of another

Relationship between hydrogen bonding and boiling point

Boiling point increases as hydrogen bonding increases

Ex. The substance with a lot of OH groups will have higher boiling point than a substance that has few OH groups

How to calculate formal charge

(# of valence electrons) - (Nonbonding electrons) - ½ (bonding electrons)

Relationship between avogadro number, amu, moles, and mass

6.02 × 10²³ amu = 1 mole of amu = 1g

How does entropy change

Entropy increases as disorder increases

Ex. Ice cube melting to water will increase entropy(melting)

Ex. Gas becoming a solid will decrease entropy(deposition)

Ex. Gas becoming a liquid will decrease entropy(condensation)

Ex. Solid becoming a gas will increase entropy(sublimation)

Relationship between ∆H(enthalpy) and q(heat energy)

Under constant pressure ∆H = q

Equation for q(heat energy)

q = mc∆T

m= mass

c=specific heat

∆T = change in temperature

calorimetry equation about heat energy

-qreaction = qsolution + qcalorimeter

hess’s law and enthalpy relationship

if a reaction can be conducted in multiple steps than the heat of the overall reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes from each step

Standard temperature value

273K

Standard pressure value

1 atm

Volume value when there is standard temp and pressure

22.4 L for every mole of gas molecules

what happens in isolated system

Heat and matter do not leave or enter the system

what happens in a closed system

only heat can leave and enter the system

matter cannot leave or enter

what happens in a invalid system

only matter can leave or enter

heat cannot leave or enter

what happens in open system

both heat and matter can leave or enter

Electronegativity trend in periodic table

Electronegativity increases left to right across rows and increases bottom to top in columns

solubility product constant(Ksp) equation

Ksp = [X]^c [Y]^d

Ex. NaC9H7O4 —→ Na+ + C9H7O4-

Ksp = [Na+][C9H7O4-]

if concentrations arent given and ksp value is given

[Na+] = [C9H7O4-] = x

Ksp = [x][x]

Ksp = [x]²

What does Ksp represent

Solubility limit of saturated solution

if [X]^c [Y]^d > Ksp

Solubility limit has been exceeded and precipitate will form