AP EURO - Chapter 15 (2nd Half ID Terms)

Constitutionalism (England and the Netherlands)

A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government, on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subjects or citizens, on the other hand. This could include constitutional monarchies or republics. Basically, this is the limitation of government by law and the balance of authority/power and rights/liberties. All constitutionalist governments will have a constitution, whether it is written or not.

Republicanism (Dutch)

A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people, as exercised through elected representatives. The Dutch rejected monarchical rule and decided to adopt a republican form of government instead.

Puritans

These are members of a sixteenth and seventeenth-century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, like bishops, elaborate ceremonials, and wedding rings. (Puritans = purify)

James I (1603-1625)

He believed that a monarch has a divine right to his authority and is responsible only to God. He shared this belief with Louis XIV. His views countered those of long-standing English tradition that a person's property couldn't be taken away without due process of law. He believed this to be a threat to his divine right.

William Laud (1573-1645)

He imposed two new elements on church organizations in Scotland, which were a new prayer book (based on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer) and bishoprics. He was an archbishop.

Charles I (1625-1649)

He is the son of James I. HE struggled between the monarchy and the Parliament to find power, which led to the English Civil War. This was important because it made big changes in governance.

Triennial Act

The Parliament passed the Triennial Act in 1641, which compelled the king to summon Parliament every three years. This was made to make sure that kings did not rule without Parliament, as King Charles I had.

English Civil War (1642-1649)

This civil war pitted the power of the king against the power of Parliament. They had fought for three years when the Parliament's New Model Army defeated the king's army.

Oliver Cromwell

He was a member of the House of Commons and was a big Puritan. He was a leader of an army that captured the king. They also dismissed all anti-Cromwell members of the Parliament. H divided England into 12 military districts, which were each governed by a major general. He adopted mercantilist policies and enforced the Navigation Act, which required all English goods to be transported on English ships. He also welcomed the immigration of Jews because they brought skills of business skills, which allowed them to slowly return to Europe.

New Model Army

The New Model Army was the army that the Parliament created in retaliation for the army Charles I created. It was made up of the militia of the city of London and people who had business connections. This army participated in the English Civil War.

The Protectorate

The English military dictatorship established by Oliver Cromwell after the execution of Charles I. The army controlled the government, and Oliver Cromwell controlled the army. He essentially ruled a military dictatorship. This collapsed after Oliver Cromwell died in 1658.

Charles II (1660-1685)

He was the eldest son of Charles I. Under him, both houses of Parliament were restored along with the established Anglican Church. He initially wanted to work with the parliament, but couldn't after they did not give him an adequate income.

Test Act (1673)

Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics, and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend the universities. This act forbids the people outside of the Church of England to vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend the universities, or even assemble for meetings. These restrictions could not be enforced.

James II (1685-1688)

He violated the Test Act by appointing Roman Catholics to positions in the army, the universities, and the local government. James II and his supporters opened new Catholic churches and schools in order to promote Catholicism. He also granted religious freedom to all, for the Protestants and nonconformists.

John Locke (1632-1704)

He was a political philosopher and wrote a piece called Two Treatises of Government, where he highlighted that a government that oversteps its proper function (protecting the natural rights of life, liberty, and property) becomes a tyranny. He believed that under a tyrannical government, the people had the right to rebel. The Glorious Revolution brought England closer to Locke's ideal without a democratic revolution.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

He believed that if humans were left alone, they would compete violently for power and wealth. He believed the only solution would be to have a social contract, called "Leviathan", where all members of a society placed themselves under the rule of a sovereign, who would maintain peace and order. He wanted an absolute monarch; this was a want that was not widely spread in Europe.

Constitutional Monarchy

A Constitutional Monarchy is where the power is split between the elected body and a monarch. It includes laws in a constitution that protect the citizens' rights. (Opposite of absolutism.)

Diggers and Levellers

These were radical groups in England in the 1650s who called for the abolition of private ownership and the extension of the franchise. They believed that the land should be made available for the very poor to cultivate it after the English Civil War.

Gunpowder Plot

The Gunpowder Plot was a failed assassination attempt against King James I in 1605. A group of English Catholics were the ones who tried to assassinate him. This was important because it heightened tensions between the monarchy and Catholic subjects.

William and Mary

They were crowned king and queen of England in 1689. William's arrival sparked riots and violence across the British Isles and in North American Cities (Boston and New York). This revolution represented the final destruction of the idea of divine-right monarchy.

Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)

It is called the Glorious Revolution because it replaced one king with another with little to no bloodshed.

Baroque

This term was often used by late-eighteenth-century art critics as an expression of scorn for what they considered an overblown, unbalanced style. This style marked one of the high points in the history of European culture. It was spurred by Rome and the revitalized Catholic Church, along with the papacy and the Jesuits. The baroque style spread because its tension spoke to an agitated age that was experiencing lots of violence and controversy in politics and religion.

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

The baroque style was also reached in music by Johann Sebastian Bach. He was the organist and choirmaster of several Lutheran churches (in Germany). His organ music combined the baroque style of invention, tension, and emotion. Hsi reputation has continued to grow throughout the 19th century.

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

Peter Paul Rubens was a devout Catholic, and many of his pictures relate to Christian subjects. He was one of the most outstanding and most representative of the Baroque painters. He developed his own style, which was rich, sensuous, and colorful, characterized by animated figures, melodramatic contrast, and monumental size.

Rembrandt

He was a Dutch painter and etcher. His work showcases the Northern Renaissance (the achievements) and how intricate human emotion is, and the subtle things of everyday life. Heh challenged the traditional beliefs of beauty and representation.