Unit 2 The Age of Reformation

Overview, recommended to study for test

What significant change did the Reformation bring to European attitudes towards wealth?

The Reformation changed attitudes towards wealth and prosperity, increasing state control of religious institutions and providing justifications for challenging state authority.

How did the Reformation affect political and economic competition in Europe?

Conflicts among religious groups overlapped with political and economic competition within and among states.

What was the primary social and economic institution in early modern Europe?

The family remained the primary social and economic institution, taking various forms such as extended in rural areas and nuclear in urban areas.

What role did the printing press play in the Reformation?

The printing press allowed for the creation of the Bible in the vernacular and facilitated the dissemination of Protestant ideas.

Who was Martin Luther and what did he challenge?

Martin Luther was a key figure in the Reformation who challenged the practices of the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences.

What were the core teachings of Martin Luther?

Luther's core teachings included 'Faith Alone', 'Scripture Alone', 'Priesthood of all Believers,' and 'German Nationalism.'

What was the Diet of Worms?

The Diet of Worms was an assembly where Martin Luther refused to recant his views, leading to his excommunication and being declared an outlaw.

What was the Peasant Revolt of 1525 and its connection to Luther's teachings?

The Peasant Revolt was a response to Luther's teachings, where peasants felt equal in God's eyes and sought improved political and social treatment.

What was the significance of Ulrich Zwingli in the Swiss Reformation?

Ulrich Zwingli was a leader who emphasized that only practices found in the Bible should be followed and debated with Luther on the Eucharist.

What was the Marburg Colloquy?

The Marburg Colloquy was an attempt to unite Swiss Cantons and German Protestant states, which ultimately failed and split the Protestant movement.

Who were the Anabaptists and what were their beliefs?

The Anabaptists, led by Menno Simons, believed in adult baptism and sought a separation from the secular world.

What was the outcome of the Swiss Civil War?

The Swiss Civil War ended with an agreement allowing each canton to choose its own religion.

How did the Reformation challenge traditional church authority?

The Reformation challenged traditional church authority by promoting individual interpretation of the Bible and reducing the power of clerics.

What was the role of nationalism during the Reformation?

Nationalism played a role as Europeans sought to assert their regional identities and free themselves from the Holy Roman Empire's influence.

What were indulgences and why were they controversial?

Indulgences were payments made to the church for remission of sins, which angered many, including Luther, who saw them as a sign of corruption.

What did the term 'Protestant' refer to during the Reformation?

The term 'Protestant' referred to those protesting against the unchecked power of the Roman Catholic Church.

What was the impact of the Renaissance on the Reformation?

The Renaissance fostered a desire for knowledge and learning, leading to questions about the Catholic Church's practices.

What was the significance of the Edict of Worms?

The Edict of Worms declared Martin Luther an outlaw and banned his writings, intensifying the conflict between reformers and the Catholic Church.

How did Luther's teachings influence the middle class?

Luther's teachings resonated with the middle class, who were seeking a more egalitarian church and greater personal agency in religious matters.

What was the relationship between secular administration and the church during the Reformation?

Secular administration became more organized and powerful, often reining in clerical rights and addressing issues that led to the Reformation.

What was the crisis of faith experienced by many Christians before the Reformation?

Many Christians were dissatisfied with the church hierarchy and sought a more direct relationship with God, free from excessive rules.

What did Erasmus advocate in his work 'In Praise of Folly'?

Erasmus criticized scholasticism and advocated for a simpler, more personal form of Christian faith.

What was the significance of the term 'consubstantiation' in Luther's teachings?

Consubstantiation refers to Luther's belief that the bread and wine coexist with the body and blood of Christ during the Eucharist.

What was the main argument of Christian humanists against scholasticism?

Christian humanists argued that Renaissance learning should be employed for religious reform, challenging the traditional emphasis on dogma.

Who was John Calvin?

A French lawyer who dedicated his life to theology and became a Protestant after fleeing France due to persecution.

What is predestination in Calvinism?

The belief that God had chosen the elect before time began, and that the elect and non-elect would never know their status.

What city became the center of Calvinism?

Geneva, Switzerland.

What type of government was established in Geneva under Calvinism?

A theocratic republic that sometimes resembled a dictatorship where dissent was not tolerated.

What was the Protestant Work Ethic?

The belief that wealth accumulation is a sign of God's favor for hard work.

What were the Huguenots?

French Calvinists who resisted the Roman Catholic Valois family's control over religion.

What did the Puritans demand in England?

They demanded alterations to the Anglican Church.

Who was Henry VIII?

The King of England who sought an annulment from Catherine of Aragon to have a male heir.

What was the Act of Supremacy (1529)?

It made the English monarch the head of the English Catholic Church.

What was the significance of Sir Thomas More's execution?

He was executed for refusing to acknowledge the laws enacted by Henry VIII.

What was the Act of Uniformity?

Legislation that made Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer standard in the Church of England.

Who was Mary I and what did she attempt to do?

She attempted to return England to full communion with the Papacy and executed many Protestants.

What was Elizabeth I's approach to religion?

She created the Anglican Church, combining Protestant doctrine with Roman Catholic rituals.

What was the Spanish Armada?

A fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England, which ended in failure and marked the decline of Spain.

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

An agreement that allowed a region's leader to choose whether to be Lutheran or Roman Catholic.

What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

A massacre in 1572 where thousands of Huguenots were killed in Paris and the countryside.

What was the Edict of Nantes?

A decree that granted Huguenots tolerance and the right to fortify their cities.

Who was Charles V?

The Holy Roman Emperor who sought to restore Catholic unity across Europe but faced numerous challenges.

What was the War of Three Henrys?

The last war of religion in France, involving the three most powerful families vying for the throne.

What was the outcome of the War of Three Henrys?

Henry IV (Bourbon) became king and converted to Catholicism, stating 'Paris is worth a Mass'.

What was the role of Catherine de Médicis in the French Wars of Religion?

She served as regent and was involved in the political maneuvering that led to the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

What was the significance of the concept of constitutionalism for the Huguenots?

They believed they had the right to resist the government due to its failure to protect their rights.

What was the impact of the Protestant Reformation on monarchy?

Religious conflicts challenged monarchs' control over religious institutions, leading to political instability.

What was the relationship between the Protestant Reformation and the rise of the middle class?

Henry IV embraced the middle class, allowing them to buy government posts, which helped stabilize France.

What significant action did Charles V take regarding the crowns of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire?

He split the crowns between his brother Ferdinand I, who received the Holy Roman Empire, and his son Philip II, who received the crown of Spain.

What were the main goals of Philip II of Spain?

To reunify Europe under the Roman Catholic banner and to lead a new Crusade against Muslim interests, particularly the Turks.

Who led the revolt in the Low Country against Spanish rule?

William of Orange.

What was the Perpetual Edict regarding the Low Country?

It stated that the Spanish would leave the Low Country.

What was the outcome of the split in the Low Country?

The northern provinces became known as the Netherlands, while the southern provinces became the Spanish Netherlands.

What was the Edict of Restitution during the Thirty Years War?

It declared Calvinism illegal in the Holy Roman Empire and reclaimed Catholic church property confiscated by Protestant princes.

What transformation occurred in the Thirty Years War when France and Spain entered?

The war shifted from a religious conflict to a struggle for the balance of power in Europe.

What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia?

It effectively ended the medieval ideal of universal Christendom and accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting local leaders control over religion.

What were the main effects of the Thirty Years War?

Massive population loss, economic trade network disruption, and territorial gains for France and Sweden.

What initiated the Catholic Reformation?

The Roman Catholic Church recognized the need for reform to prevent losing followers to Protestantism.

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?

To reexamine the Roman Catholic faith and implement necessary reforms.

Who founded the Jesuits and what was their mission?

Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits to counter Protestantism by establishing schools to promote Catholic doctrine.

What was the role of the Inquisition in Spain?

It was a harsh measure to suppress dissent against the Roman Catholic Church.

How did the roles of women change during the Renaissance and Reformation?

Debates arose over women's rights and education, with Protestants being more tolerant of female preachers compared to the Catholic Church.

What was the impact of the Enclosure Movement on cities?

It contributed to urban growth as rural populations moved to cities for work.

What was the 'Protestant Work Ethic'?

A belief that emphasized hard work and frugality as a result of one's faith, which made poverty more burdensome.

What were communal norms enforced by local and church authorities?

They included public humiliation rituals such as charivari, stocks, and public whipping.

What were the accusations of witchcraft during 1580-1650 attributed to?

The prominence of women in society and regional variations in attitudes towards witchcraft, with Protestant areas being harsher.

How did the Reformation impact the concept of a unified Europe?

Religious pluralism challenged the idea of a unified Europe, leading to increased state control over religious institutions.

What was the relationship between commercial capitalism and everyday life in early modern Europe?

Commercial and agricultural capitalism shaped society, leading to population shifts and stress on traditional political and social structures.

What leisure activities were organized according to the religious calendar?

Activities included Saint's day festivities and Carnival.

What were the effects of the Thirty Years War on the Hapsburgs?

They lost land and prestige, were forced to look east for expansion, and saw the rise of the Hohenzollern family as a rival.

What did the Catholic Church's Index of Forbidden Books entail?

It was a list of books deemed dangerous to the faith or morals of Roman Catholics.