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Chemistry- Unit 1

Unit 1.1

Household Product Safety(HHPS)

Types of frames used around the symbols are

  • Inverted Triangle- It means that the container is dangerous

  • Octagon- It means the product inside the container is dangerous

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)

Pictograms

Name

The danger

Exploding Bomb

Explosives, Self- reactives, Organic Peroxides

Corrosion

Skin corrosion/burns, Eye damage, Corrosive to metals

Flame Over Circle

Oxidizing gases, liquids and solids

Gas Cylinder

Gases under pressure

Enviroment

Aquantic toxicity

Skull & Crossbones

Acute toxicity(fatal or toxic)

Exclamation Mark

Irritant(eye & skin), Skin sensitizer, Acute toxicity,Narcotic effects, Respiratory tract irritant, Hazardous to ozone layer(non-mandatory).

Health Hazard

Carcinogen, Mutagenicity, Reproductive toxicity, Respiratory sensitizer, Target organ toxicity, Aspiration toxicity.

Flame

Flamemables,Pyrophorics,Self-heating, Emits-flammable gas, Self reactives, Organic peroxides.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) identifies the specific chemical and physical hazards associated with the product.


Properties and Classification of Matter

Properties: describe the physical appearance and composition of a substance

Physical Properties include:

  • Boiling or condensation point

  • Melting or freezing point

  • Malleability(capable of being altered or controlled by outside forces or influences.)

  • Ductility(the ability of a material to be drawn or plastically deformed without fracture)

  • Color, state, and solubility

  • Crystal formation

  • Electrical conductivity and magnetism

Chemical Properties describe how reactive a substance is

Chemical properties include:

  • Ability to burn and flash point

  • Behavior in air

  • Reactions with water, acids, heat and litmus

Pure Substances and Mixtures

  • Pure substances- All substances that make up the substance are identical, so its chemical and physical are constant. (element of compound)

    • Element- Pure substance that cannot be broken down into an other substances

    • Compound- chemical combination of two or more elements in a specific ratio.

  • Mixtures- Combination of two or more pure substances

  • Hetereogenous Mixtures (different):

    • Mechanical Mixtures- different substances are visible

    • Suspentions- Where componets are in different states

    • Colloids- Suspended substances cannot be easily seperated

  • Homogenous mixture(same throughout):

    • Solutions- seperate compounds are not visible;one substance is dissolved in another.

Chemical Reactions

Two important features of a chemical reaction are:

  1. New substances with new physical and chemical properties are formed

  2. Energy flows into or out of the system during a reaction.

To indicate a chemical change 2 or more of the following should occur:

  • Heat or light is produced or absorbed

  • the starting material is used up, or a new substance is produced

  • There is a change in color

  • A percipitate( solid) or bubbles(gas) formed in the liquid

  • The change is difficult to reverse

  • New odour forms

Atomic Models

  1. Greek Theory- Proposed that matter could be composed of small, indivisble particles

  2. John Dalton (Billiard Ball Theory)-

    • He rediscovered the atomic concept of matter

    • States the law of multiple proportions

    • When 2 or more elements form a series of Compounds form a fixed mass that have interger ratios of each other

    • Ex. Methane:CH4, has a 1:4 ratio of carbon:hydrogen

    • To behave in this manner atoms need to be formed

  3. JJ Thompson (Plum Pudding or Raising Bun Model)-

    • Most famous for discovering the electron

    • Thompson worked with a Cathode Ray Tubes(CRTs) .

    • Cathode ray tubes showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles or electrons.

    • Thomson proposed the plum pudding model of the atom, which had negatively-charged electrons embedded within a positively-charged "soup."

  4. Rutherford (Planetary model)-

    • Rutherford fixed the problem in Thompson’s model

    • Rutherford designed an eperiment that helped fix the problem called the scattering experiment.

    • Alpha particles were expected to pass through the thin gold foil with little scattering.

    • Rutherford assumed that the alphas were interacting electrositcally with solid centers of the atom.

    • He discovered the nucleus with protons and neutrons.

  5. Niels Bohr (Bohr Model)-

    • Bohr modified Rutherfors’s theory

    • He observed that electrons don’t orbit the nucleus but they exist with diffrent energy levels.

  6. Schroedinger ( Electron Cloud or Quantum Mechanical Model)-

    • An elvolving model but currently thought of as a cloud of negative charges.

Chemistry- Unit 1

Unit 1.1

Household Product Safety(HHPS)

Types of frames used around the symbols are

  • Inverted Triangle- It means that the container is dangerous

  • Octagon- It means the product inside the container is dangerous

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)

Pictograms

Name

The danger

Exploding Bomb

Explosives, Self- reactives, Organic Peroxides

Corrosion

Skin corrosion/burns, Eye damage, Corrosive to metals

Flame Over Circle

Oxidizing gases, liquids and solids

Gas Cylinder

Gases under pressure

Enviroment

Aquantic toxicity

Skull & Crossbones

Acute toxicity(fatal or toxic)

Exclamation Mark

Irritant(eye & skin), Skin sensitizer, Acute toxicity,Narcotic effects, Respiratory tract irritant, Hazardous to ozone layer(non-mandatory).

Health Hazard

Carcinogen, Mutagenicity, Reproductive toxicity, Respiratory sensitizer, Target organ toxicity, Aspiration toxicity.

Flame

Flamemables,Pyrophorics,Self-heating, Emits-flammable gas, Self reactives, Organic peroxides.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) identifies the specific chemical and physical hazards associated with the product.


Properties and Classification of Matter

Properties: describe the physical appearance and composition of a substance

Physical Properties include:

  • Boiling or condensation point

  • Melting or freezing point

  • Malleability(capable of being altered or controlled by outside forces or influences.)

  • Ductility(the ability of a material to be drawn or plastically deformed without fracture)

  • Color, state, and solubility

  • Crystal formation

  • Electrical conductivity and magnetism

Chemical Properties describe how reactive a substance is

Chemical properties include:

  • Ability to burn and flash point

  • Behavior in air

  • Reactions with water, acids, heat and litmus

Pure Substances and Mixtures

  • Pure substances- All substances that make up the substance are identical, so its chemical and physical are constant. (element of compound)

    • Element- Pure substance that cannot be broken down into an other substances

    • Compound- chemical combination of two or more elements in a specific ratio.

  • Mixtures- Combination of two or more pure substances

  • Hetereogenous Mixtures (different):

    • Mechanical Mixtures- different substances are visible

    • Suspentions- Where componets are in different states

    • Colloids- Suspended substances cannot be easily seperated

  • Homogenous mixture(same throughout):

    • Solutions- seperate compounds are not visible;one substance is dissolved in another.

Chemical Reactions

Two important features of a chemical reaction are:

  1. New substances with new physical and chemical properties are formed

  2. Energy flows into or out of the system during a reaction.

To indicate a chemical change 2 or more of the following should occur:

  • Heat or light is produced or absorbed

  • the starting material is used up, or a new substance is produced

  • There is a change in color

  • A percipitate( solid) or bubbles(gas) formed in the liquid

  • The change is difficult to reverse

  • New odour forms

Atomic Models

  1. Greek Theory- Proposed that matter could be composed of small, indivisble particles

  2. John Dalton (Billiard Ball Theory)-

    • He rediscovered the atomic concept of matter

    • States the law of multiple proportions

    • When 2 or more elements form a series of Compounds form a fixed mass that have interger ratios of each other

    • Ex. Methane:CH4, has a 1:4 ratio of carbon:hydrogen

    • To behave in this manner atoms need to be formed

  3. JJ Thompson (Plum Pudding or Raising Bun Model)-

    • Most famous for discovering the electron

    • Thompson worked with a Cathode Ray Tubes(CRTs) .

    • Cathode ray tubes showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles or electrons.

    • Thomson proposed the plum pudding model of the atom, which had negatively-charged electrons embedded within a positively-charged "soup."

  4. Rutherford (Planetary model)-

    • Rutherford fixed the problem in Thompson’s model

    • Rutherford designed an eperiment that helped fix the problem called the scattering experiment.

    • Alpha particles were expected to pass through the thin gold foil with little scattering.

    • Rutherford assumed that the alphas were interacting electrositcally with solid centers of the atom.

    • He discovered the nucleus with protons and neutrons.

  5. Niels Bohr (Bohr Model)-

    • Bohr modified Rutherfors’s theory

    • He observed that electrons don’t orbit the nucleus but they exist with diffrent energy levels.

  6. Schroedinger ( Electron Cloud or Quantum Mechanical Model)-

    • An elvolving model but currently thought of as a cloud of negative charges.

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