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creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
extinct language
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different languages usages predominate.
isolated language
A.K.A. language isolate; A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
language branch
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family. (Ex: Germanic, Romance, etc)
language family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
language group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
lingua franca
A language that is mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. (ex: Swahili, English, etc)
literary tradition
A language that is written as well as spoken; system of written communication
official language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
pidgin language
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
Spanglish
A combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans.
accent
a distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a particular country, area, or social class.
slang
Informal, non-standard words and phrases.
logogram
A written character that represents a word or phrase; I.E. Chinese and Japanese characters, Egyptian hieroglyphs.
toponym
Name of a place.
vernacular
The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region.
Indo-European
The language family that is the most widely-spoken and has the largest number of speakers; Includes the Germanic, Romance, and Slavic branches (among many others).
Sino-Tibetan
A language family that includes languages spoken in parts of China and Myanmar.
ethnicity
Cultural traits; Identity with people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
Indian partition of 1947
British exit lead to ethnic conflict and the creation of Pakistan
animism
The attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena; Associated with hunter-gatherer societies.
Buddhism
Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved-- religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama which teaches that the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering.
burial practices
A.K.A. landscapes of the dead; The certain areas where people have commonly been buried. Religions vary on the method of handling the dead; Physical and cultural landscapes are affected by varying practices.
caste
A class or distinct hereditary order into which a person is assigned according to a religious law; Associated with Hinduism.
Christianity
A monotheistic universalizing religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus.
Christian population
A religion of 2.2 billion people; The largest universalizing religion by followers and the most widespread.
denomination
A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
diaspora
People who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity
Jerusalem
Hearth of Christianity & Judaism
ethnic religion
A religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people; not looking to convert
fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
ghetto
An ethnic neighborhood often impoverished and segregated; Associated with Jewish diaspora.
missionary
An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
monotheism
The belief of the existence of only one god
pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
polytheism
Belief in or worship of more than one god
sect
A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
secularism
A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations, especially in politics
Haij
Pilgrimage to Mecca; Fifth "Pillar of Islam".
Hinduism
An ethnic religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Islam
A universal religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran.
Muslims
Followers of the religion of Islam.
Judaism
A monotheist ethnic religion that originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people in the 8th century BCE; Hearth at Canaan (modern day Israel and Palestine).
Mormonism
The religion of the Church of Latter-Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith in 1831; A Christian sect; Sacred spaces mostly in Utah, USA.
Muslim population
A religion of 1.3 billion people in the world; The predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia.
reincarnation
In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding.
sacred space
An area that has special religious significance or meaning that makes it worthy of reverence or devotion.
Sharia Law
The code of law derived from the Quran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed.
Shia/ Shiite
A Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam; The SMALLER branch of Islam.
Shintoism
The ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma.
Sikhism
A belief system which blends Hindu traditions with Islamic monotheistic traditions. Hearth in India and Pakistan; Holy city at Amritsar, India.
Sunni
A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad; The major branch of Islam.
universalizing religion
A religion that attempts convert followers
popular culture
Found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in personal characteristics.
material culture
Food, clothing, and shelter; The physical objects produced by a society in order to meet its needs.
custom
Frequent repetition of an act until it becomes characteristic of a group of people.
taboo
A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.
habit
Repetitive act performed by an individual.
homogenous
Of the same kind; alike; Used to describe social groups of cultural practices (especially popular culture).
assimilation
The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, often used to describe immigrant adaptation to a new place of residence.
cultural hearth
Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture.
Eastern Orthodox Church
An ancient Christian church concentrated in Eastern Europe, especially Russia and Greece.
Catholic Church
The largest Christian church; Headed by the Pope in the Vatican City, enclaved within Rome.
Vatican City
Sacred space of Catholicism; Enclaved within Rome
Protestant Church
The second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide (40% of all Christians); Originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.
Romance languages
Any of the languages derived from Latin and the Roman Empire including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian.
Official languages of Canada
English and French
Language with most native speakers
Mandarin Chinese
Most spoken lingua franca
English
Architecture of Islam
Architecture of Hinduism
Architecture of Buddhism
Hearth of Hinduism
Where is a current conflict of Judaism and Islam?
Israel
Lingua Franca of the Islamic Faith
Arabic
State atheism
found in China and North Korea
Hebrew
Original language of the Jewish people and that of their sacred books.
Swahili
The lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.
Catalan
This Romance language is spoken by 10 million people primarily in Northeastern Spain, Andorra, and parts of Southern France and Sardinia.
Basque
Language Isolate
US official language
no official language
Dominate Islamic branch in Iran
Shiite
Romance languages are
from Latin and include: French, Italian, and Spanish (from Roman Empire)
English is part of which language branch?
Germanic
Amish folk culture
do not use technology; remain isolated in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and other states' rural areas
Hindu taboo
Do not eat beef. Cows are the source of oxen, the traditional choice for pulling plows as well as carts. A large amount of oxen must be maintained in India because every field has to be plowed when the monsoon arrives.
pork taboo
Muslims and Jews don't eat this as a result of religious beliefs
Northern Ireland Conflict
Whether Northern Ireland should remain part of the UK, or be part of Ireland
Conflict between Unionists (mainly protestants) insisted on union with the UK
VS. Catholic Republicans - want an independent and unified Irish Republic
Largest universal religion
Christianity
Largest ethnic religion
Hinduism
Ethnic Neighborhood
an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
social media
one major way that popular culture has contagiously diffused across the world (ex: trends on Tik Tok)
cultural convergence
contact and interaction of one culture and another like K-Pop, football, novels that become movies, etc.
cultural divergence
the restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences
Acculturation
The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another BUT keeping some of your original cultural traits
Assimilation
losing original cultural traits but gaining new ones
Kurgan Warrior Theory
Indo-European language first diffused from a hearth located in modern Russia/Ukraine around 1,000 B.C.E. by military conquest
Note 
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