Chapter 6- A Tour of the Cell

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1

why are cells so small

cell surface to volume ratio

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2

why is cell surface to volume ratio important

plasma membrane surrounding cell must provide sufficient surface area for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes relative to the volume of the cell

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3

nucleus structure

surrounded by nuclear envelope, double membrane with pores, most DNA located in the nucleus

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4

nucleus function

double membrane with pores regulates movement of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm

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5

nucleolus structure

dense structure inside nucleus

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6

nucleolus function

synthesizes rRNA & combines it with proteins to make ribosomal subunits

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7

ribosome structure

composed of protein and RNA

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8

ribosome function

making protein

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9

two different types of ribosomes

free and bound

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10

free ribosomes

produce proteins to be used within the cytosol

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11

bound ribosomes

attached to ER or near nucleus, make proteins that will be included with membranes, packed into organelles, or exported from the cell

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12

what does the endomembrane system consist of

nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, plasma membrane

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13

what is the endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is a network of membranes that function to modify, transport, and package proteins and lipids in the cell

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14

endoplasmic reticulum location

continuous within the nuclear envelope

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15

smooth ER function

multifunctional, has enzymes involved in phospholipid/steroid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and drug detoxification. works on storage and release of calcium ions during muscle contractions

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16

smooth ER structure

no ribosomes on outside surface

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17

rough ER structure

ribosomes on outside surface

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18

rough ER function

manufactures proteins intended for secretion, manufactures membranes

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19

Golgi apparatus function

shipping and receiving

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20

Golgi apparatus structure

stack of flattened sacs

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21

lysosomes function

in animal cells only, digests food and takes apart damaged parts of cell

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22

what is phagocytosis

when lysosomes digest food and pass products into the cytosol

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23

what is autophagy

when damaged organelles fuse to lysosome, enzymes dismantle the membrane bound material, organic monomers are returned to cytosol for reuse

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24

lysosome structure

membrane- enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules

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25

different functions of vacuoles

food, contractile vacuole (pump excess water out of freshwater protists), storage vacuole (in only plants), large central vacuole (in only plants)

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26

storage vacuoles function

store organic compounds/inorganic ions for the cell, may contain dangerous metabolic by products, poisonous or unpalatable compounds for protection from predators

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27

large central vacuole function

encloses a solution called cell sap, a plant increases in size as a vacuole absorbs water and expands, can fill 80 percent or more of a cell

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28

endosymbiont theory

mitochndeia and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell

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29

evidence of endosymbiont theory- both organelles____

surrounded by double membrane, grow and reproduce independently within the cel, contain some DNA and ribosomes, synthesize some of their own proteins

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30

mitochondria structure

double membrane- narrow inner membrane space exists between the two layers, smooth outer membrane, inner membrane folded for cristae, respiratory enzymes embedded in membrane

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31

mitochondria function

chemical energy conversion, provides ATP for the cellc, folding in membrane increases surface area for enzymatic reaction

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32

mitochondrial matrix

inside inner membrane, contains respiratory enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes

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33

chloroplast structure

two membranes separated by thin inner membrane space, thylakoids, storm, amylopasts, chromoplasts

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34

thylakoids

inside inner membrane, flattened sacs, the stacks of sacs called grana, photosynthetic enzymes embedded

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35

stroma

fluid surrounding thylakoids, contain chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

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36

amyloplasts

store starch

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37

chromoplasts

contain pigments for fruits and flowers

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38

cytoskeleton structure

network of protein fibers

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39

cytoskeleton function

give mechanical support, cell movement

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40

3 types of protein fibers

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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41

what proteins produce cellular movements

motor proteins

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42

microtubules

hollow rods, provide supporting framework for the cell, separate chromosomes during cell division

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43

motor proteins

powered by ATP hydrolysis, transports organelles, responsible for muscle contraction, responsible for cell division

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44

cilia and flagella

universal structure, may be used to move through aqueous media, stationary cells use to move fluid past the cell

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45

cell wall of plants

protects the cell from damage and maintains shape, some cells add a secondary cell wall between the plasma membrane and primary wall for more protection and support (wood)

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46

extracellular matrix

attached to outside of animal cells, mechanical signaling pathway between firbronectins/integrins of ECM and microfilaments of cytoplasm

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47

plant junction

plasmodesmata- channel in plant cell wall that connects plasma membrane of bordering cells, small solutes, water, some proteins, and RNA can move cell to cell

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48

3 animal cell junctions

tight, desmosomes, gap

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49

tight junctions

hold adjacent cell membranes tightly together

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50

desmosomes

anchoring junctions hold cells in strong sheets

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gap junctions

communicating junctions for exchange of ions and small molecules between cells

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