apush unit 4

Federalists

Alexander Hamilton. Pro-British. Strong federal government. Loose interpretation of the constitution. Upperclass, merchants, bankers. Industrialists

Democratic-Republicans

Jeffersonians. Thomas Jefferson. Pro-French. State Rights. Strict interpretation of the constitution. Lower/middle classes, farmers. Agrarian/farmers.

Election of 1800 (revolution of 1800)

John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson. Federalists feared Jefferson would give power back to the states, dismantle the army, overturn Hamilton's financial plans. Republicans thought that the federalists would create a large standing army, impose heavy taxes, use federal troops/courts to suppress dissent, centralize power in the federal government and involve the US in the European war on the side of Britain.
Thomas Jefferson--> change from federalists to democratic-republicans. Elites--> commoners.

Era of Good Feeling

1817-1823. Disappearance of federalists which allowed Democratic-Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.

Democrats

Andrew Jackson. The "common man." Against the BUS (bank of the united states) and "elite" organizations

Whig Party

Henry Clay. Anti-Jackson. Strong federal government. For internal improvements and BUS.

Midnight Judges

16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 under John Adams (2nd President). It would allow Federalists to maintain power in the nation after they were a minority in congress.

John Marshall

Appointed by John Adams as Chief Justice in the Supreme Court. Federalist. Although he dismissed the Marbury suit to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal, was unconstitutional--judicial review.
-McCulloch v. Maryland, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Barron v. Baltimore

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

William Marbury sued for his commission as a judge because he had been promised a job by Adams, but refused by Jefferson. Marshall claimed that the Supreme OCurt cannot rule on the case and ruled earlier Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.
Established judicial review.

Judicial Review

Court has the power to determine the constitutionality. Strengthens the judiciary branch.

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

The courts ruled that the states cannot tax the federal government (Bank of the United States). The federal government is supreme to the states (supremacy clause). Confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States (elastic clause).

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

Clarified the commerce clause-- affirmed congressional power over interstate commerce.

Market Economy

Prices are determined through supply and demand, not the government. Created by Adam Smith.

Albert Gallatin

Watchdog of the Treasury. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and balancing the budget. (1801-1814)

Embargo Act (1807)

Jefferson. Forbade all exportation of goods from the US. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the US and seizing US ships and men. British impressment--> War of 1812. The US didn't want to be involved, so to weaken Britain and France, the US stopped trade. It hurt the US economy, was repealed in 1809, revived the Federalists, and eventually led to the War of 1812.

Panic of 1819

Followed the economic boom of the post-war of 1812. The Second National Bank, trying to dampen land speculation and inflation, called loans, raised interest rates, and received the blame for the panic. Decided commercial interests of the East from the agrarian interests of an expanding West.

Panic of 1837

1837-1844. Crop failures, European financial troubles, Specie Circular 1836 (federal gov. action to dampen inflation brought by land speculation after the closing of the Second National Bank) all led to the Panic. Ruined Martin Van Buren's presidency.

debates over the tariff and internal improvements

Federalists supported tariffs and internal improvements. North westerners and Industrialists. Democrats did not. Southerners and farmers.

southern defense of slavery

-polygenesis: belief that blacks had been created separately and were an inherently inferior race.
-economics, history, religion, legality, social good, humanitarianism.

Slave Code

Early 18th century laws limited the rights of Blacks. Gave almost absolute authority to white masters. Color was the only factor in determining if someone was subject to slave codes.

Calhoun's Speech in the U.S. Senate (1837)

"positive good" Defended slavery.

Second Great Awakening

-Religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement and moral reasoning against slavery.

Charles G. Finney

Greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). Made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was against slavery and alcohol.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Took place in New York. Women of all ages, and some men discussed the rights and conditions of women. They wrote the Declaration of Sentiments which tried to get women the right to vote.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She advocated women's suffrage. Read the Declaration of Sentiments.

Frances (Franny) Wright

Radical utopians. Established a community based on the principles of gradual emancipation and colonization. When it failed, she alter lectured to mixed audiences of mend women on the evils of capitalism and the benefits of universal compulsory education and women's rights.

Dorothea Dix

argued for the more human treatment of the insane; reformed prisons.

Horace Mann

First secretary of Massachusetts' Board of Education- responsible for the first law passed to support public schools with taxes. Crusaded during the 1840s to have all schools separate children by age and ability.

Utopian Communities

idealistic communities. 1840s

James Forten

American Anti-Slavery Society

American Colonization Society (1817)

Reflected the focus of early abolitionists. Idea of transporting freed blacks back to Africa, The organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

American Anti-Slavery Society

(1833-1870) Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison. It had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist. Published "The Liberator." Helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society. Favored Northern secession and renounced politics.

Sojourner Truth

A freed black woman who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women's rights.

Liberty Party (1840)

Abolitionist political party. Split the Republican Party in the election of 1844, and tied the election in favor of Democrat James Polk. Combined with the Free Soil Party which was opposed to the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Elijah Lovejoy

An American Presbyterian minister, journalist and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mod in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist views.

Frederick Douglass

Abolitionist. Escaped form slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North.

Neoclassicism

Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theater, music and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece/Ancient Rome.
-Large plantation homes with large windows to let light in, and the large columns on the outside.

Hudson River School (1825-1875)

First American school of art. Students painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River Valley and surrounding New England.

Transcendentalism

Pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's/1840's. Each person has direct with God and Nature, eliminating the need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Pioneered Transcendentalism. Essayist/poet. International reputation, and spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of Abolitionists.

Henry David Thoreau

A transcendentalist.
Walden- a story about he lived alone Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847.
On Civil Disobedience- he inspired social and political reformers. He refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War.
Extreme individualist

John James Audubon

Artist who specialized in painting birds. He contributed greatly to the bird species. It contributes to western population movements.

Richard Allen

African American preacher who helped start the Free African Society and the African Methodist episcopal church.

David Walker

Outspoken African American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation. -Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World.

Slave Music

Way of slaves expressing themselves. used with dance, banjo, voices and song. Used to pass time.

Samuel Slater

Considered the father of American industrial revolution because he brought British textile technology (illegally) to the US.

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American. Developed the mechanical reapers. It replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest-- it was much more efficient and quicker. It helped the agricultural growth of America.

John Deere

Steel plow. US industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working with prairie soil.

Lowell System

It was a paternalistic (woman) textile factory system. Employed mainly young women (15-35) from New England farms who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. As much machinery was used so that a few skilled workers were needed.

Baldwin Locomotive Works

Railroad locomotive builder. Pennsylvania. It was the largest and most successful producer of steam locomotives, but had a rough transition to the production of diesels.

Steel Plow

John Deere. Decreased the labor needed to plow hard fields.

Mechanical Reaper

Cyrus McCormick. Harvested wheat faster with less labor. Helped win the Civil War because it kept agricultural production in the north high, even as troop deployment decreased labor supply.

Anthracite Coal Mining

Anthracite coal is used as fuel. In spring 1808, Jon and Abijah Smith shipped the first commercially mined load of anthracite down the Susquehanna River from Plymouth, Pennsylvania.

Interchangeable part

Manufacturing system that uses standardized parts which are all identical; thus replaceable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed for that one devise. Interchangeable parts made getting replacements parts easier making business more efficient. First used to make muskets for the US government.

Cotton belt/Black belt

Southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown. Stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier which had the highest concentration of slaves.

American System (1816)

Henry Clay. Created a high tariff (import tax) to support internal improvements such as road-building. It was to allow the US to grow and prosper by themselves. Second Bank of the United States was part of it. It was used as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812.

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

Canal in New York State. Runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connected the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. It cut transport cost in the "wilderness" by about 90%. It gave a massive population surge in western New York, and opened region further west to settlement.

turnpikes

Privately funded, toll-based public road (highway) to facilitate commerce. It developed the national economy by creating faster and efficient transportation.

National road (Cumberland road) (1811)

First federal transportation project. Cumberland, Maryland to Virginia and then to Ohio.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (1828)

Connected eastern sea ports with Chicago and other large midwestern cities. Set standard of excellence and efficiency for the industry.

Mason-Dixon Line

Southern border of Pennsylvania dividing the free North States from the Southern slave states.

Cult of Domesticity

A widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker. Married women held immense power in being able to control the morals of a household.

Lydia Maria Child

Abolitionist and women's rights activist. Wrote novels to shock the public into seeing her positions.
-The First settlers of New England
-An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans

National Trades' Union (1834)

Criticized unjustifiable distribution of wealth into hands of a few individuals.

Second Bank of the United States (1816)

Closely modeled after the first Bank of the United States. It held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy. Unpopular among western land speculators and farmers, especially after the Panic of 1819.

Tariff of 1816

Protective tariff that helped American industry by raising the prices of British goods which were often cheaper and of higher quality than US products.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. Protected the North, but harmed the South. South claimed it was discriminatory and unconstitutional --> Nullification Crisis

Destruction of the Second Bank of the United States (1833)

jackson. He removed all the money from the bank and proposed the depositing of no more funds in the bank and surplus funds were placed in the many state banks across the country.

John C. Calhoun

-1828 Election: Jackson's VP.
-John Quincy Adams VP
-Began his political as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs. Later he became an advocate of free trade, state rights, limited government and nullification.

Daniel Webster

Leading American statesman during the Antebellum. Leader of the Whig Party. Opposed Jackson. Spokesman f modernization, banking and industry. Served in the House of Reps, Senate and Secretary of State for 3 presidents. Successful lawyer.

Henry Clay

Kentucky. American System. War hawk in the War of 1812. Speaker of the House of Representatives. Great Compromiser: Missouri Compromise, Compromise Tariff of 1833, Compromise of 1850

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Jefferson bought French lands West of the Mississippi for 15 million from Napoleon. IT doubled the size of the US, fulfilled Jefferson's promise of land, removed foreign nations from borders. It switched Jefferson into a loose interpreter of the constitution.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

Sent by Jefferson to gather info on the purchase of the land from 1803, and to map a route from Mississippi to the Pacific. They kept careful maps and records.

War Hawks

Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to acquire Britain's northwest posts and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Causes: British impressment, British seizure of neutral American trading ships, War Hawks (British were inciting the Indians on the frontier, northwest posts/florida/Canada).
Sea battles and frontier skirmishes. US troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida, but British at one point, managed to invade and burn DC.
Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) settled the peace if the US gave back Florida.
-Strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

defining slave and free states

Mason-Dixon Line and Missouri Compromise

defining territories for Native Americans

Oklahoma from Indian removal act. Moved Native Americans west.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Florida Purchase Treaty/ Transcontinental Treaty. US paid Spain 5 million for Florida. Spain recognized US claims to the Oregon Country and the US surrendered its claim to northern Mexico (Texas).

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the US or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Resolved several border issues between the US and British North American colonies, particularly the border of the Maine-New Brunswick border. Also banned the slave trade (in the ocean).

Annexation of Texas (1845)

Joint resolution- both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office.
-part of John Tyler's campaign.
Took it away from Mexico.

Oregon Treaty (1846)

England and US. Negotiated by Buchanan who was at the time Secretary of State. Set at the 49th parallel, exception of Vancouver Island.

Manifest Destiny

1840s term. Many people believed that the US was destined to secure territory from sea to sea. The rationale drove the acquisition of territory. James Polk.

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Conflict after US annexed Texas. Mexico considered Texas its own. Us was granted all land form Texas to California (minus the Gadsden Purchase) int eh Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Mexican Cession (1848)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM, and part of CO

Chinese trade

-Opium War: Britain vs. China. China wanted Britain to stop trading opium with Chinese traders. Britain won the right to five Chinese ports and control of Hong Kong. --> Treaty of Wanghia
-Treaty f Wanghia: America and China. America gets all trading terms given to other nations. Americans accused of crimean China are tried by Americans, establishes trade and missionary work in China.

Essex Junto

Group of lawyers and merchants who tried to break New England off from the US. Failed to get support from Alexander Hamilton, but gained support form Aaron Burr. This further discredits the Federalists when Burr loses in a run in NYC.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford, Connecticut. Federalists opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for this complaints and wrongs that they felt had been done. Many of these complaints were fears of being overpowered by southern and western sates. It was an example of the growing sectionalism. It was also another event int eh approaching end of the Federalist Party.

South Carolina Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)

Southerners (South Carolina) declared federal protective tariffs null and void. Jackson responded with a Force Bill and suggested compromises over tariff. Compromise worked.

Tecumseh

Brother of the Prophet, chief of the Shawnees. Leader of the Indian military efforts. He realized that victory of the whites was only possible through unification, so he set out down the Mississippi River to join tribes in a confederacy.

Indian removal Act (1830)

Authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties acted under this act's provisions paved the way for the emigration of natives.

Black Hawk

Leader of the Illinois tribes in the 1830s. When Indians were uprooted and forced out of their homes, he led the Indians in resisting the move. He was unsuccessful.

Worcester vs. George (1832)

Court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by US citizens to Cherokee country. Marshall claimed only the federal government could do that. He explained that tribes were sovereign entities. He also affirmed and explained the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority of state governments. Jackson didn't listen and continued on.

Trail of Tears (1838)

Forced removal of the Cherokees to Oklahoma. Indian Removal Act

Seminole Wars (1814-1819, 1935-1842)

When Jackson received orders form Calhoun to stop the rain on American territory by Seminole Indians, he used it as an excuse to invade Florida and seize the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola. The American government assumed responsibility for the raid,s saying they had down hat was necessary to stop threats from across the borders.
Showed Spain the US could easily take Florida.

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Representative Tallmadge proposed an amendment to the bill for Missouri's admission to the Union which the House passed but the Senate blocked it. The amendment would have prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and would have mandated the emancipation of slaves' offspring born after the state was admitted.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as a slave state; Maine as a free; a line 36, 30 was drawn between free and slave states.