COLLECTIVISATION

When did the idea of collective farms re-emerge?

mid 1920s

What change did Stalin make to the idea of collective farming?

previously, it was voluntary Stalin believed it should be compulsory

What article did Stalin write in 1929 in the Pravda, what did it say?

‘A year of great change’, claimed that the peasantry was voluntarily adopting collective farming and that agricultural output was rapidly increasing

Why did Stalin view colleectivisation as vital?

as the 5 year plan required a vast increase in grain production to feed the workforce and to pay for equipment and infrastructure from overseas

What created a crisis in the Soviet economy in 1928?

poor grain yields and the drive for industrialisation

How did Stalin explain the 1928 economic crisis?

speculation and hording by greedy kulaks that has emerged as a new capitalist class as a result of the NEP

What was actually happening in 1928, causing the economic crash?

peasants were not hoarding in order to make a profit at the expense pof the workers but were struggling with poor harvests combined wuth low grain prices set by th state

What did the government do to increasee the amount of grain produced in 1928, what was the response?

politburo demanded grain was to be seized, resulted in conflict with teh peasants suhc as the 1921 tambov revolt

What happened to grain prodiuction in 1929?

it has declined

What economic policies werw in place between 1928-19129

policies similar to war communsim in the Urals and Siberia, established poor peasants committees to divide peasant villages and assigned grain quotas on a class basis with poor peasants deciding who had to bear the greatest burden of requisitioning

What did the 1929 economic policies encourage?

class turmoil in villages to encourage poor peasants to persecuate their rich neighbours, in reality there were few with any wealth, just some who knew how to farm bettwer and where thiftier with money

What happened when grain requisitioning began?

hide grain and violently resist attempts by the state to seize surpluses

When was collectivisation introduced?

1929

WHat did Stalin want to destroy with collectivisation?

the kulak class

What are the two types of collective farm?

kolkhoz and solkhoz

What happened to the NEP policies

they were cancelled

What happened to those labelled as kulaks?

faced deportation, hundreds of thousands were exiled, with just hours noticw to inhospitable parts of the Soviet Empire, a fifth died on the way and those who arrived, often in soviet central asia (kazakhstan) were unwelcome by locals who were dealing with food shortages and could not feed the new arrivals

How were people labelled as Kulaks?

denunciation by neighbours or by state records of their class

Why was there an incentive to denounce people as Kulaks?

enabled their lands and property to be looted by the village

How many farms were collectivised by the winter of 1929?

7 percent

Between November 1929 and february 1930,how many were forced into collectives?

an extra 11 million peasant families

Why did the anticipated 50% increase of grain occur?

peasants became apathetic and demotivated, many were devestated to return their lands, they were promised with new technology that never fell through, bolishing peasant villages and creating new-Agri towns failed to fall through

What did peasants think of collectivisation?

flet it was a return to serfdom, there was a dramatic fall in livestock

How many horses were there in 1928 vs 1941?

36.1 million vs 21.0 million

What did the soviet government demand in November 1932?

state-supplied food advanes given to peasants who beat their targets had to be returned, two days later a similar meat penalty was introduced and those who failed to pay back their grain had to pay in meat instead. Also, established a nlacklist of all farms failing to meet quotas and expected to surrender fifteen times the reular mothly target, they were also banned from trading at all,

What was the harvest like in Russia between 1932-1933?

ppor, across most of Russia

Why did Stalin ignore pleas from Ukrain to reduce the levels of grain quotas, what did he do?

beavuse Ukrain had vigourasly resisted collectivisation and instead of reliving quotas he added a number of punitive policies which targeted the Ukraine

Wich trives were hit hard by the Collectivisation policies?

nomadic herding tribes of kazakhstan

What was the August 1932, decree about the Protection of Socialst Property?

allowing the state to execute anyone who damaged Kokhoz property, followed by the law of spikelets which threatened the death penalty for anyone caught eating stray bits of graib as it constituted theft from the state

What do historians estimate the death toll to be?

between 5 and 7 million

How high did Stalin tell churchill that the death toll could have been?

as many as ten million

What did security chief for the Ukranian Soviet socialist republic, Balytsky tell Stalin?

the famine in Ukraine was a nationalist plot, connected to Poland, Stalin was deeply suspiciuos of the Poles and this rgument made all ukranina nationalists even those linked to earlier Soviet initiatives, ebcouraging Ulkrainian culture, enemy of the state.

How did Russia further treat Ukraine badly?

as it was russia’s breadbasket it now had to supply a third of teh entire quota for the USSR, which could only be done through mass starvation. Stalin sealed the borders to Ukrain in January 1933, preventing escape and denied internal passports this continued long after quotas were met in 1933.

What did the 15th Congress in December 1927 do?

end of the NEP, first 5 year plan announced, to start 15% of all farms to be reorganized

How would collectivisation ‘socialise’ the peasantry?

shift attitudes in favour of the state and not the individual

Wht were the 3 categories that Kulaks were grouped into to?

most dangerous were imprisoned ot shot, 2 were exiled north or to the urals and the third were given poor land outside of the collective

How many people were workers in 1928?

20%

What is the Stalin quote about the USSR being 100 years behind?

we must make good this distance in 10 years or we shall be crushed

What were exports like in 1913, then under the NEP?

exported 12 million tons of grain in 1913 but even in the best ears of the NEP it never exceeded 3 million

What was the rumour surrounding Stalins wife?

that she had been driven by suicide by his brutal policies

What did peasats refer to collectivisation as?

the second serfdom

What do some historians say baout the trajectory of Russia after colectivisation?

this is where the great soviet experiment went wrong and devolved into totalatiraniasm

Why was driving peasants off the land beneficial?

allowed room for industry

What did women lay in front of, why?

tractors, to stop the breaking up of private farms

Why were internal passports issued?

hungry and angry peasants marched on towns, wer also forbidden to board trains for the cities

Who was sent to help in the summer of 1928?

100,000 party workers, urban workers and the Komosomol sent to help with the harvest

What were agriculture levels like in 1939?

not at 1913 levels

What catostrophic event occured in 1932?

in some areas, half of the production was lost

What did many villages announce?

we have no kulaks here, and resisted attempts to attack others

What percentage of farms were collectivised in 1934 vs 1936?

70% vs 90%

What protests occured?

organised by women who broke into barns and seized back the grain stored by the requisition squads

What did Stalin say in his 2nd March 1930 ‘dizzy with success’ speech?

blames local over-enthusiasm for violent excessives - calls for an end to the extremes of collectivisatoon, pressure somewhat relaxes

What were the yields of collective famrms like vs private farms?

much lower, so the gov needed to keep them for an element of provison

How many people did Stalin drive into internal exile between 1930-1932, what happened?

2 million, one quarter die

How many attacks on barns were there where grain was stored and animals recaptured?

30,000

Quote from Lynch?

his aims were understandable, but his methods were unacceotable

What happened to the limited food created?

often exported as a ‘surplus’

Where did some families die outside of?

warehouses full of grain, guraded becasue it was reserved for urban workers

who prosected the kulaks?

OGPU

What did the 1935 special party congress approve?

a new model charter whih recognised the right of every farmer to own 1 cow, 1 sow, 4 sheep and one half a hectare of land

Deutscher quote?

the first purely man-made famine in history

How much of kazakhstan’s livestock was lost?

90%

Which two countrues were hit the worst?

Ukraine and Kazakhstan

what does the renewal of terror cause?

a warning of the consequences of resisting