Exam 2 DR SATA BIO 311C

Nuclear Membrane

Surrounds DNA loosely dispersed as chromatin

Chromosomes

Appear only during cell division

Histones

Proteins that bind to DNA

Nucleolus

Region within the nucleus that serves as the organizing center. (makes and assembles ribosomes from ribosomal rna and ribosomal proteins) stores about 20-30% cell DNA

Nuclear pores

Allows for the movement of solutes in and out. mRNA's leave and proteins enter.

Nuclear lamina

Found inside Nuclear membrane, lining made of protein laminarin.

Nuclear proteins

Include DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

DNA binding

RNA binding

DNA polymerase

DNA replication

RNA polymerase

Transcription (making of RNA)

DNA binding proteins

Regulate transcription

RNA splicing

RNA intervening regions (introns) removed and expressed regions (exons) are joined.

Nucleoplasm

FLuid Found inside nucleus, suspension of RNA, DNA, proteins and fibers

RIbosomes

Made out of Ribosomal rna (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins.

-Synthesize proteins with their catalytic ability, found in cytoplasm, rough ER, mitochondria and chloroplast.

-Made up of one large and a small subunit.(which contains different rRNa and proteins)

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Made in nucleus region through transcription

Ribosomal proteins

Made in the cytoplasm only by preexisting ribosomes

Translation (need to be translated by assembly)

Small & large subunit

Come together only in the cytoplasm to begin protein synthesis (translation)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of membranes inside the cytoplasm like extended tubules with internal space known as cistaernae.

Rough ER

Has ribosomes

Performs lipid and protein synthesis bc it has ribosomes

-Membrane/ targeted proteins

-Makes membrane from phospholipids and membrane proteins

Goes to golgi apparatus

Smooth ER

No ribosome

-Makes lipids- fats/steroids/phospholipids

-Detoxification of drugs

Golgi apparatus

Helps in the modification of protein

Like the UPS of the cell

Adds oligosaccharides or lipids to proteins

Sorts proteins before sending them to various sites depending on the amino acid sequence

Cis face- receives proteins

Trans face- Ships proteins

Cis face

Receives proteins

Trans face

Ships proteins

Lysosomes

Single membrane, hydrolysis of biological molecules (All 4)

Comes from the golgi apparatus

-Digests food/ sensitive to pH change

pH of 5

-Excretes digested material into the cell if wanted or out if not needed

Microbodies

Specialized metabolic organelles consisting of a compartment by a single membrane

-In both plant and animal cells

Peroxysomes

In animals

-Responsible for lipid degradation/ detoxification of active oxygen species.

-Highly reactive and mutagen

-Contains enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) which catalyze reaction

Glyoxysome

in plants

-Peroxysomes in plants/ facilitates the breakdown of storage lipids in germinating seeds

Vacuoles

1. Large central vacuole (plants)

2.Food vacuole (animals)

3. Contractile vacuole (protists)

Large central vacuole

Found in plants

-Size increases as plant age increases

-Stores organic compounds and inorganic ions such as K+ , Ca 2+, Water, waste products and lytic enzymes

Food vacuoles

IN animals

-Helps primitve animals ingest food by endocytosys (engulfing into the cell)

Contractile vacuole

IN protists

-Helps removes excess water from cell