Endocrine System

The cells, tissues, and organs that secrete substances into the internal environment

Endocrine system

substances that are typically secreted by the endocrine system

organic molecules that are divided into steroid and non-steroid classes

stimulate targeted cells

Hormones

hormones regulate the ___________ of the internal environment

volume and compisiton

Hormones help regulate __________ balance

metabolism and energy

hormones help regulate _____________ muscle and secretion of glands

smooth and cardiac

hormones help regulate ______of the immune system

activities

hormones regulate _____ function

reproductive

hormones play a role in g_____ and d______

growth and development

hormones help __________ in response to stress and other disruptions

maintain homeostasis

both the nervous and endocrine systems ____ from one part of the body to another

communicate

neurons release _______ into the synapse affecting postsynaptic cells

neurotransmitters

endocrine glands release ______ into the blood stream, that only the target responds to

hormones

secretions that affect only the secreting cell

autocrine

secretions that affect only the neighboring cells, act locally, “local hormones” not hormones at all

paracrine

secretions that release hormones that travel through the blood to the target cells

endocrine

hormones are classified based on

chemical structure

class of hormones

derived from cholesterol

sex hormones

adrenal cortex hormones

lipid soluble

steroid hormones

classification of hormones

prostaglandins

leukotreines

derived from fatty acids

have a paracrine action

eicosanoids

class of hormones

most hormones

amines

proteins

peptides

clycoproteins

water soluble

nonsteroid hormones

lipid soluble hormones: all ________________ hormonesdo not readily dissolve in water but can move across cell membranes

lipid soluble hormones

water soluble hormones: Proteins, g____, p_______, A_____ dissolve inwater but cannot move across cell membranes

glycoproteins, peptides, amines

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

change ______

membrane permeability

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

______ transport in and out of cell

stimulate

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

alter specific ________

metabolic reactions

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

cause ___________ muscle contraction

smooth and cardiac

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

increase _______of new molecules

synthesis

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

affect __________

transcription/translation

type of hormone

organic

typically lipids

containg CHO

smaller amount of O than carbs

complex arrangement of carbon rings (at least four rings connected)

insoluble in water

ex, testosterone estrogen

steroid hormones

most potent molecule in mineralcorticoids

aldosterone

most potent molecule in glucorticoids

cortisol

most potent molecule in estrogens

estradiol

most potent molecule in progestins

progesterone

most potent molecules in androgens

testosterone

the following flowchart describes this process

hormone diffuses through cell membrane easily—> hormone binds to receptor in the cytosol—> Receptor hormone complex is formed.—> receptor hormone complex enters nucleus—> complex binds to target gene on DNA —> transcription of gene creased mRNA—> mRNA translated into desired protein within the cytoplasm

Binding of lipid soluble hormones

type of hormone that directly initiates the production of proteins within a target cell

steroid hormone

hormone

secreted from the adrenal cortex

causes kidney tubules to retain sodium and water

aldosteron

hormone

secreted from the adrenal cortex

response to stress of various types

cortisol

hormones

secreted from adrenal cortex

including calcitrol,

vitamins

steroid hormone

made in zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

weak steroids

supplement sex hormones produced in gonads

serve as steroid precursors

androgens

androstenediol

muscle building

androsterone

human pheromone

sex hormone

establish female sex drive

promote pubic and auxiliary hair growth

regulates menstrual cycle

estrogen

sex hormone

establish male sex drive

secondary sex characteristics 

increases red blood cells

protects against osteoporosis

testosterone

amines, peptides, proteins, prostoglandins

classes of non steroid hormones

type of hormones that typically have an addition of nitrogen

non steroid hormones

the following flowchart describes what process:

hormones bind to surface cell-membrane receptor—> receptor initiates cell signaling pathway involving G proteins, adenylyl cyclase, 2ndary messenger cAMP and protein kinases—> protein kinases phosphorylate proteins in the cytoplasm—> activates proteins in the cell that carry out the changes specified by the hormone

binding of water soluble hormones

class of non steroid hormone

derived from tyrosine (amino acid)

synthesized in adrenal medulla

ex: epinephrine (adrenalin), norepinephrine

amines

class of non steroid hormone

composed of short chains of Amino acids

hormones of posterior pituitary

peptides

peptide non steroid hormone

targets kidneys (tubules)

cases kidneys to reduce water excretion

vasopressin

non steroid peptide hormone

targets uterus, mammary glands

causes contraction of muscles in uterine wall

promotes milk ejection from mammary glands.

oxytocin

class of non steroid hormone

long chains of amino acids

include hormones of parathyroid and some of the anterior pituitary

ex, parathyroid, growth hormone, prolactin

protein

class of non steroid hormones

name derived from prostate gland

PG+ letter for type  of ring structure + # of double bonds

Produced in variety of tissues: pancreas, brain, repro organs

mostly llipids

aka paracrine substances

regulate neighboring cells

potent in small quantities

cell growth, Ca movement, movement of vascular smooth muscles

sometimes used to induce childbirth

can activate or inhibit adenylate cyclase

prostaglandins

What is the secondary messenger made by adenylyl cyclase during the activation of liver cells by epinephrine?

cAMP

ADP

ATP

GTP

cAMP

Which hormone is released by the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland?

thyroid stimulating hormone

parathyroid hormone

oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores?

aldosterone

cortisol

testosterone

estrogen

B

What does melatonin regulate?

eating

reproduction

digestion

sleep cycle

D

What goes wrong in the function of insulin in type 1 diabetes?

insulin is overproduced

insulin is not produced

insulin is produced at the correct amount

none of the above

B

the —— region lies inferior and anterior to the thalamus. It connets to the pituitary gland by the stalk like infundibulum. The pituitary gland consists of an anterior and posterior lobe with each lobe secreting different hormones in response to signals from the ——

hypothalamus

the release of —— ——- is stimulated by the release of hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This signaling is inhibited when ——- levels become elevated by causing negative signals to the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

adrenal glucoricoids

nuerosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release oxytocin or ADH into the ——————- ————- these hormones are stored or released into the blood via the capillary plexus

posterior pituitary

the — ——— manufactures seven hormones. The hypothalamus produces seperate hormones that stimulateor inhibit hormone production in the ——- ———. Hormones from the hypothalamus reach the ——— ——- via the hypophyseal portal system.

anterior pituitary

growth hormone directly accelerates the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal and muscle bones. Insulin like growthfactor 1 is activated by growth hormone and indirectly supports the formation of new proteins in muscle cells and bone

hormonal regulation of growth

posterior pituitary hormone

adh

targets kidneys, sweat glands, circulatory system

effect is water balance

antidiuretic hormone

posterior pituitary hormone

ot

targets female repro system

effect: triggers uterine contractions during birth

oxytocin

Hormone released by hypothalamus: GnRH

Anterior Pituitary Hormone: LH

Target repro system

stimulates production of sex hormones by gonads

gonadotropin-releasing hormone, leutenizing hormone

Hypothalamus hormone: GnRH

Anterior pituitaryhormone: FSH

Target: Repro

Stimulates sperm and eggs

gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone

Hypothalamus hormone: TRH

Anterior Pituitary hormone: TSH

Target: Thyroid gland

stimulates release of thyroid hormone

thyrotropin-releasing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone

hypothalamus hormone: PRH

inhibited by: PIH

Anterior pituitary hormone: PRL

targets mammry glands

promotes milk production

prolactin-releasing hormone, Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, prolactin

Hypothalamus: GHRH

Inhibiting: GHIH

Anterior pituitary: GH

target: liver bone

effect: Targets produce GIF to stimulate body growth

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone,Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone, Growth hormone, Insulin like growth factors

hypothalamus hormone: CRH

anterior pituitary hormone ACTH

target: adrenal glands

effectL target produce glucocorticoids which regulate metabolism and stress response

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone

hormone secretions are primarily controlled by a

negative feedback mechanism

Route A of hormone control (hypothalamus)

hypothalamus —> anterior pituitary —> Peripheral endocrine —> target cells—→action

route B of hormone control (nervous system)

nervous system —>endocrine—> target cell—→ action

rout c of hormone control (plasma)

change in plasma—→ endocrine gland—→ target cells—→ action

hormone secretion rate

transport in blood (is it bound to protein— if yes then only the free hormone is active)

receptor may be abnormal, amount can change

interactions with other hormones

how is it metabolized

factors affecting hormone action

hormone interaction

hormones action allows a second hormone to be effective 

ex thyroid hormones and GH

permissive

hormone interaction type

two hormones complement one another, the effect of two together is greater than either of them alone

ex, LH and FSH

synergistic

hormone interaction type

two hormones actions oppose one another

ex insulin and glucagon

antagonistic

gland associated with hypotalamus that has two distinct portions, anterior composed of epithelial tissue and posterior composed of nerurological tissue

pituitary gland

anterior pituitary tissue is

epithelial

posterior pituitary tissue is

neurological

gland located in the neck where it wraps around the trachea

thyroid

gland embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

parathyroid

____ increases blood Ca levels when they drop too low

parathyroid hormone

_____ decreases Ca levels when they become too high

calcitonin

glands

ontop of kidneys

composed of outer cortex and inner medulla surounded byconnective tissue capsule with different zones that produce different types of hormones

adrenal glands

gland/organ

exocrine funciton involves acinar cells that secrete digestive enzymes that are transported to SI. Secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate glucose levels.

pancreas

blood glucose is between ___-__ mg?dL

70-110

gland

secreats melatonin

regulates circadian rhythm (patterns of activity associated with sleep wake cycles)

pineal gland

gland

secretes thymosins

premote dev of certain lymphocytes

important in immunity

thymus gland

gland

ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone

testes produce testerone

placenta produces estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropins

reproductive glands

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except

peptides.

steroids.

eicosanoids.

amino acid derivatives.

acetylcholine derivatives.

acetylcholine derivatives.

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids.

produced by the adrenal glands.

derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

lipids.

chemically related to cholesterol.

composed of amino acids

The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by

direct neural stimulation.

indirect osmotic control.

secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system.

altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.

gap synaptic junctions.

secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system.

Which hormone is responsible for raising blood calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone

calcitonin

thyroxine

triiodothyronine

Parathyroid hormone

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

inhibition

synthesis

release

inhibition and secretion

synthesis and release

synthesis and release

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH.

ACTH.

FSH.

LH.

GH.

TSH

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

TSH.

ACTH.

FSH.

LH.

GH.

FSH

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

TSH.

ACTH.

growth hormone.

FSH.

prolactin.

prolactin

Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels

calcitonin

triiodothyronine

thyroxine

Parathyroid hormone

calcitonin