Endocrine System

The cells, tissues, and organs that secrete substances into the internal environment

Endocrine system

substances that are typically secreted by the endocrine system

organic molecules that are divided into steroid and non-steroid classes

stimulate targeted cells

Hormones

hormones regulate the ___________ of the internal environment

volume and compisiton

Hormones help regulate __________ balance

metabolism and energy

hormones help regulate _____________ muscle and secretion of glands

smooth and cardiac

hormones help regulate ______of the immune system

activities

hormones regulate _____ function

reproductive

hormones play a role in g_____ and d______

growth and development

hormones help __________ in response to stress and other disruptions

maintain homeostasis

both the nervous and endocrine systems ____ from one part of the body to another

communicate

neurons release _______ into the synapse affecting postsynaptic cells

neurotransmitters

endocrine glands release ______ into the blood stream, that only the target responds to

hormones

secretions that affect only the secreting cell

autocrine

secretions that affect only the neighboring cells, act locally, “local hormones” not hormones at all

paracrine

secretions that release hormones that travel through the blood to the target cells

endocrine

hormones are classified based on

chemical structure

class of hormones

derived from cholesterol

sex hormones

adrenal cortex hormones

lipid soluble

steroid hormones

classification of hormones

prostaglandins

leukotreines

derived from fatty acids

have a paracrine action

eicosanoids

class of hormones

most hormones

amines

proteins

peptides

clycoproteins

water soluble

nonsteroid hormones

lipid soluble hormones: all ________________ hormonesdo not readily dissolve in water but can move across cell membranes

lipid soluble hormones

water soluble hormones: Proteins, g____, p_______, A_____ dissolve inwater but cannot move across cell membranes

glycoproteins, peptides, amines

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

change ______

membrane permeability

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

______ transport in and out of cell

stimulate

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

alter specific ________

metabolic reactions

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

cause ___________ muscle contraction

smooth and cardiac

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

increase _______of new molecules

synthesis

in order to affect target cells hormones can:

affect __________

transcription/translation

type of hormone

organic

typically lipids

containg CHO

smaller amount of O than carbs

complex arrangement of carbon rings (at least four rings connected)

insoluble in water

ex, testosterone estrogen

steroid hormones

most potent molecule in mineralcorticoids

aldosterone

most potent molecule in glucorticoids

cortisol

most potent molecule in estrogens

estradiol

most potent molecule in progestins

progesterone

most potent molecules in androgens

testosterone

the following flowchart describes this process

hormone diffuses through cell membrane easily—> hormone binds to receptor in the cytosol—> Receptor hormone complex is formed.—> receptor hormone complex enters nucleus—> complex binds to target gene on DNA —> transcription of gene creased mRNA—> mRNA translated into desired protein within the cytoplasm

Binding of lipid soluble hormones

type of hormone that directly initiates the production of proteins within a target cell

steroid hormone

hormone

secreted from the adrenal cortex

causes kidney tubules to retain sodium and water

aldosteron

hormone

secreted from the adrenal cortex

response to stress of various types

cortisol

hormones

secreted from adrenal cortex

including calcitrol,

vitamins

steroid hormone

made in zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

weak steroids

supplement sex hormones produced in gonads

serve as steroid precursors

androgens

androstenediol

muscle building

androsterone

human pheromone

sex hormone

establish female sex drive

promote pubic and auxiliary hair growth

regulates menstrual cycle

estrogen

sex hormone

establish male sex drive

secondary sex characteristics 

increases red blood cells

protects against osteoporosis

testosterone

amines, peptides, proteins, prostoglandins

classes of non steroid hormones

type of hormones that typically have an addition of nitrogen

non steroid hormones

the following flowchart describes what process:

hormones bind to surface cell-membrane receptor—> receptor initiates cell signaling pathway involving G proteins, adenylyl cyclase, 2ndary messenger cAMP and protein kinases—> protein kinases phosphorylate proteins in the cytoplasm—> activates proteins in the cell that carry out the changes specified by the hormone

binding of water soluble hormones

class of non steroid hormone

derived from tyrosine (amino acid)

synthesized in adrenal medulla

ex: epinephrine (adrenalin), norepinephrine

amines

class of non steroid hormone

composed of short chains of Amino acids

hormones of posterior pituitary

peptides

peptide non steroid hormone

targets kidneys (tubules)

cases kidneys to reduce water excretion

vasopressin

non steroid peptide hormone

targets uterus, mammary glands

causes contraction of muscles in uterine wall

promotes milk ejection from mammary glands.

oxytocin

class of non steroid hormone

long chains of amino acids

include hormones of parathyroid and some of the anterior pituitary

ex, parathyroid, growth hormone, prolactin

protein

class of non steroid hormones

name derived from prostate gland

PG+ letter for type  of ring structure + # of double bonds

Produced in variety of tissues: pancreas, brain, repro organs

mostly llipids

aka paracrine substances

regulate neighboring cells

potent in small quantities

cell growth, Ca movement, movement of vascular smooth muscles

sometimes used to induce childbirth

can activate or inhibit adenylate cyclase

prostaglandins

What is the secondary messenger made by adenylyl cyclase during the activation of liver cells by epinephrine?

cAMP

ADP

ATP

GTP

cAMP

Which hormone is released by the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland?

thyroid stimulating hormone

parathyroid hormone

oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores?

aldosterone

cortisol

testosterone

estrogen

B

What does melatonin regulate?

eating

reproduction

digestion

sleep cycle

D

What goes wrong in the function of insulin in type 1 diabetes?

insulin is overproduced

insulin is not produced

insulin is produced at the correct amount

none of the above

B