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When was the Renaissance?
Roughly 15th Century to 17th Century
What does Renaissance mean?
Rebirth (of classical learning, art, and literature)
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? (Multiple reasons)
It was the gateway between East and West in the Mediterranean
It had a wealthy merchant class
There was classical heritage of Rome and Greece in Italy
There was a strong central banking system (ex. the Medici Family)
Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?
Author of "The Prince"
The Father of Political Science
He said that rulers should be strong and merciless
Good/Evil did not matter for a ruler
Private morality (like kindness) should not apply to public affairs like ruling
What is Humanism?
Doing what is best for the state and society (focusing on humans/secular ideas)
Began when individuals started to study ancient classics in the hope of reviving ancient values
Secular means focusing on life on earth instead of the afterlife
The Father of Humanism is Petrarch
What is a Renaissance Man?
An individual of the Renaissance who was educated/proficient in a wide range of fields
What are some aspects of Renaissance Art?
Vivid, bright colors
Idealized beauty
Linear perspective (depth/realism)
"Chiaroscuro" (Italian word meaning light vs dark)
Balance and Symmetry
Classical Themes (Greek, Roman, and Biblical Figures)
Who was Raphael?
Lived from 1483-1520
He made paintings of the Madonna
Most famous for the School of Athens (which was commissioned by Pope Julius II)
His works depict Christian themes as well as Ancient Greek and Roman scientists and philosophers
Who was Leonardo Da Vinci?
Lived from 1452 - 1519
Widely acclaimed painter, advisor to kings, was an engineer, physiologist, botanist, inventor, etc.
Painted the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Vitruvian man
Who was Sandro Botticelli?
Lived from 1445-1510
Drew secular paintings (sometime even seen as pagan or non-christian)
Looked to ancient mythology (Greek/Roman) for his paintings
His patron was the Medici Family
Most famous for the Birth of Venus
Who was Michelangelo?
Lived from 1475-1564
Sculpted the David and painted the Birth of Adam
Painted the Sistine Chapel Frescoes (paintings on the ceiling)
Created new painting style called Mannerism which was exaggerating proportion, balance, and beauty to create an asymmetrical and elegant look
What are aspects of Renaissance Architecture?
Symmetry, Proportion, Domes, and Columns
What kinds of goods were exchanged in Indian Ocean trade?
It was easier to trade over sea than over land so you could ship more items in bulk (rice, bananas, silk, jade, silver, ivory, spices, slaves, timber (teak forests of india) and horses)
How did geography affect Indian Ocean trade?
Seasonal monsoon winds blew ships back and forth consistently allowing stable trade (east in summer, west in winter)
Was not between countries or regions but between specific merchant towns
How did technology impact Indian Ocean trade?
Bigger ships and improved technology
The Dhow (from Arabian peninsula) had a lateen (or triangle) sail which could sail upwind
The Junk (Chinese) was a large trade ship
Compass allowed finding direction in open waters
Astrolabe determined latitude (how far north or south you were)
How did cultural traditions spread through Indian Ocean trade?
Formation of port cities where markets were, these port cities grew and became urban centers with different cultures and religions (such as Islam, which spreads very heavily)
Wealthy trade states form (ex. Srivijaya)
Diaspora communities form (Migrants who stay with others from country of origin, to help trade in a new country with people from their old country)
Where were the Benin bronzes from?
Excavated in Nigeria, they are bronze masks and casts that show the history of Nigeria and of the kings/queens that lived
What was the Ming Dynasty (all aspects)?
Strong military (pushed out Mongols, built much of Great Wall of China)
Technology (printing, paper, compass, gunpowder, junk ships)
Economy (Very self-sufficient, EXPORTERS not importers)
Cultural (Focused on the past (Confucianism) which heavily slowed innovation and new technology, built the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven)
Political (Bureaucracy (a government managed by officials based on merit), civil service exams, centralized government with Mandate of Heaven)
Exploration (Voyages of Zheng He (look at DBQ documents for more info))
Why did the Ming decline?
Internal reasons: the weather - the Little Ice Age was a cold period of time and caused a lot less crops to grow making people riot for more food
External reasons: Manchus - Ming was invaded by the Manchurians who broke past the great wall (came from Northeast China)
What was the Qing Dynasty (all aspects)?
The minority group of Manchus take over leading the Chinese majority
Did not allow intermarriage, keeping the two separate
Empire grew to include roughly modern borders of China today
Why did the Qing decline?
Opium wars and unequal treaties because they lost to the Western powers which made them lose lots of territories and lose their sovereignty (the ability to control yourself and your country/people)
Rebellions and internal unrest + Ethnic and Cultural unrest
Lack of modernization (conservative leaders stopped adapting to global changes)
Foreign influence (Western power control)
How did geography influence Japan?
Four major and many smaller islands (size of California total)
Close to China to be affected but still far enough to be separate
Many good harbors which led to trade and fishing being very important
Mountains limited farmland and very little to no natural resources except for a little bit of coal
What was the hierarchy of Tokugawa Japan?
Emperor (less power than shogun but still technically at the top) then
Shogun (more power than emperor) then
Daimyo then
Samurai then
Peasants/Artisans then
Merchants last
How did feudalism in Japan work?
Emperor (Mikado) ruled in theory but actually had no power
Shogun was the most powerful lord (military dictator), controlled military, finance, lawmaking, and justice
Daimyos were local lords who had private armies and their own estates
Samurai were the warriors
Farmers, artisans, and merchants filled the rest, with merchants being considered the lowest
Who were the Tokugawa Shoguns?
Maintained peace and prosperity
Edo (Now Tokyo today), their political capital, became the economic and cultural center
Tokugawa shoguns accustomed the Japanese to shogun style ruling and centralized military control but delayed evolution of government due to their strict control
Who were the Daimyos of Tokugawa Japan?
Had a lot of power but were controlled strictly by Shogun
The Bakufu (military government designed to control Daimyos)
Castles (Daimyos could only have one castle, everything else was destroyed to stop them getting too much power)
Marriage (Shogun had to approve all Daimyos' marriages)
Sankin Kotai System (Shogun took families of Daimyos hostage and if the Daimyos rebelled the Shogun killed the families)
Who were the Samurai?
The warrior class of Japan, they were soldiers, peacekeepers, and rulers of Japan for almost 700 years
They lived violent, exciting, and often short lives
In war, fighters, but in peacetime they were peaceful gentlemen who appreciated poetry, art, and philosophy
Followed the Bushido or the code of honor (ethical behavior, self-discipline, loyalty, respect)
What was the Bushido (code of honor)?
Similar to European chivalry, it was a code of honor for the Samurai that was required for all Samurai, involving respect and loyalty
The act of Seppuku or suicide was so strong that a Samurai would kill themselves if they dishonored themselves either voluntarily or for an act of sin
How do you deal with threats to power from outside sources in Japan?
The European Age of Exploration happened and so Europeans showed up in Japan seeking gold
They brought guns making swords pointless and spread Christianity (at the time, Shinto was the main religion), which was seen as a threat to the emperor's power because it was against Shinto which worships the emperor
Shogun issued Exclusion Edicts to exclude foreigners, ban foreign trade, persecute Christians, and created basically a bubble around Japan closing themselves off
What were major themes of the gunpowder empires?
The rise of the middle class with expanding trade networks, giving the middle class more prestige and power making money for gunpowder weapons
The rise of trade mainly in the Indian Ocean (along with the Silk Road too)
Empires (keeping peace among diverse people, central government/oligarchy or a small group of people ruling)
What was the Ottoman Empire?
1326-1922 - Began with Osman I, ended with WWI
Located in Anatolia (modern day Turkey)
Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, renamed to Istanbul
Conquered lots of Europe and parts of Africa and even Asia
Political: had Devshirme, or young Christian boys raised as Islamic slaves for the Sultan, many grew up to serve in the Janissaries, or Sultan's elite army
Multicultural, multiethnic, multireligious, and multilingual society
Were Sunni Islam believers, but were tolerant and embraced Christianity, Judaism, and others
What was the Safavid Empire?
1501-1736 - Began with Ismail ended by raid of Afghans
Located in Persia (modern day Iran)
Conquered much of the area north of Arabian Peninsula
Political: had a Shah instead of Sultan, who was the ultimate political and religious leader
Used the same Devshirme system, taking kids from farmer and herder families and raising them to become Ghulam, or the Shah's private army
Were Shia Islam believers (Conflict with Sunni Ottomans)
What was the Mughal Empire?
1526-1857 - Began with Babur ended with British colonization of India
Located on Indian sub-continent
Had an emperor/Shah as well, ruler with absolute power even though the population was so diverse it was hard to unify
Were Sunni Islam believers, though it was a minority as the majority of the population were Hindus, creating a caste system for order in Indian society
Where were the Gunpowder Empires?
https://imgur.com/a/D1Yg7C4
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