AP World History Flashcards

Flashcards about World History from 1200 to the Present

What principles did the Song Dynasty in China maintain its rule through?

Neo-Confucian principles, Buddhism, and a system of meritocracy

What labor did the Chinese economy depend on?

The labor of the peasant and artisan classes

What religions did societies in South and Southeast Asia continue to embrace?

Hinduism and Buddhism

What system created and maintained a hierarchy of power in India?

The Hindu caste system

Which temple complex was the capital of the Khmer Empire?

Angkor Wat (Hindu-turned-Buddhist)

Name the three largest monotheistic religions.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

What powers emerged in the world of Dar al-Islam as the Abbasid Caliphate declined?

New Muslim powers

What two groups dominated the medieval Muslim world?

The Mamluks and the Seljuk Turks

What did states within Dar al-Islam foster?

Intellectual activity such as advances in mathematics and medicine and the preservation of Greek learning from classical antiquity.

What led to distinct social and economic hierarchies in Europe?

Feudalism

What system was the dominant system of organizing rural economies in Europe?

Manorialism

What cultures exhibited great regional variation in North America?

Pueblo cultures

What civilization thrived in large city-states in Mexico with its capital, Tenochtitlan?

The Aztec

What system did the Aztec use to record historical events?

A complex system of writing

Who developed a united monarchy and a powerful military in the Andes mountains of South America?

The Inca

What wealthy empire produced leaders such as Mansa Musa in West Africa?

The Mali Empire

Which language mixed with the native Bantu to create Swahili?

Arabic

What facilitated new markets for luxury goods that crossed regional boundaries along the Silk Roads?

Improvements in business practices, such as the use of credit and caravanserai

Name major trading cities that sprung up across Afro-Eurasia.

Samarkand and Kashgar

Who were the Mongols?

A nomadic people group from Central Asia

What were the administrative regions of the Mongol Empire called?

Khanates

What made trade relatively easy and safe during the Pax Mongolica?

The incorporation of many conquered peoples into the Mongol Empire.

What cultural exchange occurred during the period of Mongol rule?

The transfer of Greco-Roman and Islamic scholarship to Europe and intellectual innovations such as the development of the Uyghur script.

Name new trading cities that became powerful centers of commerce in the Indian Ocean after 1200.

Gujarat and the Sultanate of Malacca

Name trading cities that flourished along the Swahili Coast of East Africa.

Mombasa and Zanzibar

Name a maritime technology innovation that enabled travelers to more easily navigate maritime routes.

The astrolabe and lateen sails

What spurred the growth in interregional African trade between 1200 and 1450?

Improved technology that facilitated transportation, especially along trans-Saharan trade routes

Innovations in what technology encouraged interregional trade of gold, salt, and slaves across the Sahara?

Camel saddle technology

The spread of what religion generated wealth for the Mali, Ghana, and Songhai Empires.

Islam

What literary work informed readers far and wide about the cultures they encountered during increased connectivity in Afro-Eurasia between 1200 and 1450?

The writings of Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, and Margery Kempe

What disease pathogen spread to Europe through trade routes and killed almost half of Europe’s population in the 14th century?

The bubonic plague

What did the imperial expansion of the Gunpowder Empires rely on?

The widespread use of gunpowder, cannons, and other technologically sophisticated weaponry

Which ethnic group invaded Beijing, removing the ruling Ming Dynasty and establishing the Qing Dynasty?

The Manchu

Name the three dominant Islamic empires from 1450-1750.

The Mughal Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Ottoman Empire

Give an example of how rulers of land-based empires legitimized their power.

Religious practices such as human sacrifice in Meso-America and building monumental structures such as the Incan Temple of the Sun in Cuzco, Peru

What duties did the zamindars in South Asia have?

Collecting taxes on behalf of the Mughal Empire

What did the Protestant Reformation reshape in Europe?

Christianity

What conflict occurred between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims in the Ottoman and Safavid empires?

Political and theological clashes

What syncretic religion emerged from the intermingling of Hindu and Muslim cultures in South Asia?

Sikhism

Name new ship types used to navigate the oceans during the period of transoceanic interconnections.

The caravel, the carrack, and the galleon

What motivated European nations to compete in transoceanic exploration?

To find new trade routes, promote Christianity, and dominate their political rivals

Which Italian explorer sailed on behalf of the Spanish monarchy and discovered the Americas?

Christopher Columbus

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries

What was the consequence of the new increase in travel during the period of transoceanic exchange?

An increase in the spread of infectious diseases

Which two nations put up restricted isolationist policies in response to increased European contact?

Ming China and Tokugawa Japan

What commodity influenced the Asante Empire?

The slave trade

What did the Spanish develop to extract wealth from the Americas?

Plantation agriulture and coercive labor systeme such as the encomienda and hacienda systems

Which economic policy was developed to increase the wealth of imperial nations?

Mercantilism

What type of company was used by Europeans to conduct trade?

Joint-stock companies

Name examples of indigenous resistance to state power from 1450 to 1750.

Pueblo Revolts and King Philip's War

In the context of colonial resistance, what were Maroon societies?

Communities of escaped slaves

Did Qing China have inclusive or discriminatory policies?

Discriminatory policies against ethnically Han Chinese

Name the ideologies that challenged traditional political and social structures as a result of enlightenment philosophies.

Liberalism, socialism, and abolitionism

What did governments used to promote nationalist ideologies?

People’s sense of unity surrounding religion, language, and social customs

Give examples of insurrections inspired by liberal democratic ideals.

The American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and various Latin American independence movements

Name technologies that grew after 1750.

The factory system and more sophisticated agricultural techniques

Name industrial inventions created in the United States and Europe.

The dominance of those regions in the manufacturing and industrial sectors

What fossil fuel did industrializing societies rely on?

Coal

Name technological advancements made during the second industrial revolution.

Advancements in chemicals, steel, and electricity

How did railroads, steamships, and the telegraph change the world?

Completely changed the ways in which individuals and goods were able to travel around the globe and made communication across regions simpler and cheaper.

What promoted a move away from long-standing mercantilist policies in favor of free trade and capitalism?

The ideas of Adam Smith

What did workers fight for during the Industrial Revolution?

Better working conditions and higher wages

What social classes that emerged in industrialized nations?

The working class and middle class

What social consequences were the result of industrialization?

Pollution, poverty, increased crime, and unsanitary living conditions

What ideology believed that wealthy, powerful countries should increase their wealth and power at the expense of those that were less developed?

Social Darwinism

What ideology motivated Americans and Europeans looking to expand into other territories to colonize?

The idea that they wanted to spread civilization to those that were civilizationally inferior to themselves, and that their imperialism was part of a civilizing mission

Give examples of anti-imperialist and anti-colonial movements that formed in response to state expansion.

Túpac Amaru II’s unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish in Peru, Samory Touré’s military actions against French colonialists in West Africa, and the Ghost Dance religious movement in North America

The development of what industries facilitated the growth for export economies in the industrialized world?

Cotton production in Egypt, rubber extraction in the Amazon region and Central Africa, the palm oil trade in West Africa, and large-scale meat production in South America

Why did the Irish migrate to the east coast of the United States in large numbers?

To migrate due to extreme hardship because of the Irish Potato Famine

What laws were created to limit the number of migrants from certain regions?

The American Chinese Exclusion Act

What empires struggled with internal and external challenges and ultimately floundered?

The Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire, and the Qing Empire

How did Germany's former colonies get redistributed?

Under the League of Nations, Germany’s former colonies were parceled out to Great Britain and France without regards to the will of the colonized people

What caused mass atrocities in the 20th century?

Developed in disillusioned societies as people increasingly turned against minorities and blamed them for society’s problems

Why did the Nazi party rise to power in Germany?

By claiming that the Jewish people were responsible for Germany’s economic and political problems

What replaced the global balance of power after World War II?

A sharp division between capitalist and communist nations

How did the Cold War stay from turning "hot"?

The two superpowers fought through proxy wars in postcolonial locations that were just distant enough from each other to keep the Cold War from turning “hot.”

What did non-superpower nations have to grapple with during the Cold War?

Questions of what it meant to be either communist or capitalist

What did some new states experience after decolonization?

Significant violence as a result of population displacement and resettlement

What characterized successful challenges to the Cold War status quo?

Political leaders who utilized nonviolent methods to challenge existing political structures

Why did the Cold War end?

Internal and external challenges faced by the global superpowers

What developments had a clear benefit for mankind during the 20th century?

The development safe and effective vaccines and antibiotics

What social movements innovated in during the 20th century?

Those that challenged cultural norms and old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion

What was a result of globalization in the 20th century?

The United Nations was formed as an attempt to try to ensure that increased interconnection was managed in such a way as to try to ensure world peace and international cooperation