English

Bias

tendency to favor one thing in an unfair way

Prejudice can influence this

Prejudice

unfavorable forming of opinions based on stereotypes

Advertising bias

selecting stories that would do well

Concision Bias

stories that can be told shortly

Mainstream Bias

reports what everyone is reporting

Sensationalism

extraordinary events>ordinary

Racism

Belief that one race is better than the other

Sexism

Belief that one sex is better than the other

Homophobia

Irrational fear of gay people

Religious Prejudice

One religion is better than the other

Ageism

Gatekeeping against an age group different from yours

Classism

people from different social classes being treated differently

Eight parts of speech

Noun

Pronoun

Verb

Adjectives

Prepositions

Adverb

Conjunctions

Injunctions

Verbal

looks like a verb, but functions as a noun

Gerund

Is a verbal, and it adds “ing” for it to form

Subject: “why” + “what”

Direct object:

“whom” or “what” after action verb

Is a type of Gerund

Indirect object:

“Whom” or “for what” after action verb is done

Type of Gerund

Predicate Nominative:

after linking verb + renames subject

Type of Gerund

Object of Preposition:

whom, what, when

Type of Gerund

Appositive:

Explains stuff before it

Type of Gerund

Infinitive

to + verb = infinitive

noun, adjectives, or adverbs

Nominal Infinitives

Noun

Type of Infinitive

Adjectival Infinitve

Adjective

Type of Infinitives

Adverbial Infinitves

Adverb

Infinitive

Participle

Adds “ing” to the verb, but this functions as an adjective

past participles end in -d or -en

Present = ing

To Persuade

to convince

To Inform

to educate

To Entertain

engages reader’s emotions

Fact

can be verified objectively

Opinion

element of belief

Claim

Statement

Evidence

supports claim

Validity

has the appearance of truth and reality

Exposition

This part of the story primarily introduces the setting, characters, style, etc. In the exposition, the writer’s sole focus is on building the world in which the story’s conflict happens.

Rising Action

explores the story’s conflict up until its climax. Often, things “get worse” in this part of the story

Climax

Here, the story’s conflict peaks and we learn the fate of the main characters

Falling Action

It's the phase where the tension starts to ease, and the story begins to wind down. During this phase, the consequences of the climax unfold, loose ends are tied up, and the characters start to deal with the aftermath of the main events.

Resolution

The resolution of the story involves tying up the loose ends of the climax and falling action.

Drama

piece of writing presented through dialogue

Primitive Drama:

used for rituals

Middle Ages:

Morality and Christian Values

Renaissance:

Creativity

Modern

Enhanced with current technology

Plot

What happens in the play

Theme:

meaning of the play

Characters:

the people portrayed in the play

Dialogue:

Conversation of characters written by playwright

Music and Rhythm:

Voices of the actors

Spectacle:

Everything the audience sees

PROSCENIUM STAGE:

stage where the audience sits on one side only. The audience faces one side of the stage directly , and normally sits at a lower height. There's usually an arch in front.

THRUST STAGE:

being surrounded by audience on three sides.

END STAGE:

the audience is located only on the front of the stage

TRAVERSE STAGE:

audience sits on two sides. Also, this type of stage is good for creating an intimate atmosphere.

ARENA STAGE:

central stage surrounded by the audience on all sides. The stage area is also often raised to improve sightlines.

Idioms

parts of speech that add color and power to your conversations

Simile:

Uses like and as

Metaphor:

like simile but does not use like and as, and it is usually used to emphasize a specific quality

Personification:

Humanization of things

Hyperbole:

exaggerated for humor, to emphasize a point or emotion

Onomatopoeia:

the wordification of certain sounds

Oxymoron:

a statement contradicting itself

Metonymy:

using a synonym instead of direct word

Synecdoche:

part instead of a whole