specific and non-specific immune response 

• non specific (innate) immunity
    * barriers
    * repressive actions
    * blood clotting and wound repair
    * fevers
    * phagocytosis
• neutrophils - lobed nucleus. Phagocytosis
• lymphocytes - formed in the bone marrow and stored in the lymph
• monocytes - macrophages - large kidney shaped nucleus. Phagocytosis
• eosinophils - allergic response
• basophils - mast cells - histamines
• why is fever a useful adaptation:
    * cause it stops the pathogens from replicating
    * increases the body temperature
    * normal core body temperature is 37 degrees
    * this is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain
    * during infection the large presents of white blood cells causes the hypothalamus to reset,increasing temperature
    * this is because pathogens cannot reproduce as quickly at temperature above 37 degrees,and the specific immune system can work faster
• inflammatory response:
    * inflammation is swelling of skin immediately around the rupture
    * this is characterised by pain,heat and redness
    * mast cells are activated when skin is ruptured they release histamine and cytokines
    * histamine these make blood vessels dilate,causing localised heat and redness.high temperature prevent pathogen reproduction
    * histamines also increase the permeability of the cell wall,causing more tissue fluid to escape causing swelling and the pain
    * cytokines attract WBC to deal with any pathogens

specific immune response

• phagocytes and lysosomes are involved in destroying macrophages
    * phagocytes engulf pathogens/macrophages
    * enclosed in a vacuole
    * lysosomes have enzymes that digests molecules
• antibody actions
    * opsonisation
    * disable pathogen (antibody-antigen complex)
    * agglutination
    * deactivate antitoxins
• how antibodies work
    * antibody - antigen complex acts similar to the opsonin chemical,by stimulating the digested by phagocytosis
    * most pathogens cannot affect the bodies cells once they formed an antibody-antigen complex
    * agglutination - one antibody binds to two pathogens,causing them to clump together
    * this makes pathogens more easily engulfed by phagocytosis
    * neutralisation - antibodies can act as antitoxins binding with toxins produced by pathogens
    * this makes them harmless
• what are lymphocytes
    * lymphocytes are a type of WBC found in the blood and lymph nodes and a transition microscope should be used to see them
    * lymphocytes recognise antigen molecules on the surface of pathogens,and co-ordinate the immune response against that pathogen
    * collectively, lymphocytes can recognise millions
    * two main types of lymphocytes are B and T
    * b-lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow
    * t-lymphocytes mature in the thymus
    * t-helper cells - these cells produce interleukins, a type of cytokine.this stimulate B cell and antibody production,and attracts other t-cells and antibodies.
    * t-killer cells - these cells kill pathogens by producing a chemical called perforin, which makes holes in pathogens cell plasma membranes
    * t-memory cells - these act as the immunological memory,as they remain in the blood for long periods of time.when a second infection occurs,they divide rapidly to form many killer T cells.
    * t-regulator cells - these prevent an autoimmune response by repressing the immune system after the pathogens have been destroyed.
• b-lymphocytes
    * plasma cells - these produce specific antibodies to an invading antigen.these only live for a few days but produce up to 2000 antibodies per second when active
    * b-effector cells - these divide to form plasma cell clones
    * b-memory cells - these remain in the blood for long periods of time,providing immunological memory.if infection occurs these reproduce rapidly and produce the same specific antigen.