Gibson - 2nd half on-going term quiz

Demilitarization

The action of removing military forces from an area is known as _________________________.

Democratization

_________________________ is the process through which a political regime follows democratic principles or transitions into a more democratic government.

Douglas MacArthur

____________________________ was a U.S. Five-Star General who served as a prominent leader in the Pacific during World War II and oversaw the Allied Occupation of Japan in the post-World War II period.

Article 9

A section of the Japanese Constitution known as ____________________ reads "the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right."

1947 Constitution

The ________________________________ was the first democratic plan of government for Japan; it was largely influenced by the U.S. political structure.

Diet

In Japan, the _________ is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and House of Concillors.

Emperor Hirohito

During the U.S. Occupation of Japan from 1945-1949, _________________________________ was an important ally in creating democracy in Japan; his political power was restructured to include only ceremonial powers.

Japanese Economic Miracle

• Japan became the 2nd largest economy after the US by the 1960s

• Factors that led to Japan’s economic success:

  • Hard-working Japanese people

  • Educated population

  • Korean War

  • Rise of new industries supported by capitalism 

    • EX:

      • Hona, Sony, etc.

  • Guided capitalism

Korean Occupation

• Gwangmu Reform (1897-1907)

  • Emperor Go-Jong (last emperor of Korea)

    • Realized Korea was behind

      • Westernized how Koreans dressed

      • Modernized education and daily life

      • Ended with the Ruso-Japanese war 

• Korea was annexed by Japan by the Korea-Japan Treaty (1910)

  • Occupation lasted from 1910-1945

    • Korean history, language and culture was nearly wiped out

    • Ended when armed forces of US & USSR took control on August 15th, 1945

Kim Jong-Un

• Assumed role of supreme leader in North Korea in 2011

  • Known as “The Marshal” or “Dear Respected”

• Powerful dictator who controls all media & violates human rights

• Kim Yo-Jong (2nd most powerful leader in North Korea)

Park Chung-hee

• Assumed power in 1961 after a successful coup d’etat

• Former military leader in the South Korean army

• Set Korea on course to follow “guided capitalism” similar to Japan

  • Assassinated on October 26, 1979

Domino Theory

• If one nation falls under communism, others will follow

  • Fear that this can even reach to North America (US)

Ho Chi Minh

Communist who led North Vietnam during the Geneva Accords - “Bringer of Light”

Ngo Dinh Diem

Democratic leader of South Vietnam during the Geneva Accords

Mohandas Gandhi

• Indian activist who fought for India’s independence from GB

• Nonviolent Civil Disobedience

• Independence

• Gandhi was assassinated in 1948

• His birthday October 2nd is a national holiday (in India) Known as the International Day of Nonviolence

India National Congress

• Challenges of nation-building

• Formed in 1886

• Mission after WWII was a free & democratic India

• After India’s independence in 1947 became the major ruling political party

• Religious differences between Hindus & Muslims create major religious cleavage

Sikhs

• Religious minority in India

• Wanted their own country in 1947

• Live in the northern province of Punjab

Muslim League

• Founded in 1906

• Wanted to protect Indian Muslims

• Political group that wanted a separate Muslim nation during the Partition of British India in 1947

Kashmir

• One of the most dangerous places in the world today

• A disputed province, straddling India and Pakistan’s northern border

Leonid Brezhnev

__________________________ was a military leader in the Soviet Union who defended communism in Eastern Europe; he became president of the Soviet Union in 1977.

Alexander Dubcek

Communist Party Secretary of Czechoslovakia; loosens strict rules; permits criticism of government; assures loyalty to USSR; gets kicked out

Prague Spring

• Czechs celebrate new “communism with a human face”

• The Soviet Union responds to these reforms with 600,000 Warsaw Pact troops

• To avoid bloodshed, the Czech government ordered armed forces not to resist the invasion

• Dubcek was taken to Moscow to meet with Brezhnev for a “free comradely discussion”

  • As a result, Czechoslovakia abandoned its reforms

  • Significance: 

    • Czechoslovakia served as a warning to any other Eastern European countries 

      • “If you try to break away from the Soviet influence, you better be willing to fight or give up.”

Detente

• French word meaning the “easing of tensions”

• Period of improved relations between the Soviet Union & US

  • Began in 1971

• Majorly impacted by President Nixon’s trip to Moscow in 1972

  • Nixon traveled to Moscow to show earnestness to the Soviet Union

Ostpolitik

• Normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) & Eastern Germany

• Also describes resuming relations of East & West Germany

• Took almost two decades to push East Germany to the point of collapse

SALT

• Agreement between Brezhnev & Nixon in May of 1972

• Considered to be the most progressive attempts to control nuclear weapons at the time

• Contained 2 Major Provisions: 

  • Limited the number of Anti-Ballistic misssiles

  • Froze the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (IBM’s) & submarine launched ballistic missiles

    • Didn’t get rid of missiles, just stopped the production of new ones.

Ronald Reagan

• US President elected in 1980

• Believed that the end of the Cold War was in sight

  • Pursued a policy of “Peace Through Strength”

    • Rejected policies of containment & Détente

• Called the Soviet Union “an evil empire”

• Advocated for a space-based missile shield that would intercept an attack by the Soviet Union (nicknamed “Star Wars”)

Helsinki Accords

• Major diplomatic agreement reached at the end of the Conference on Security & Co-operation in Europe

• Purpose: 

  • To try to restore relations between the USSR and Western nations

  • To reduce tensions between the US and the USSR

  • Led to the end of the Cold War

Lech Walesa

• Labor activist

• Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1983

• Became President of Poland

• Created (and led) communist Poland’s first independent trade union (Solidarity) in August 1980

• Validated the work of the Solidarity Movement over the last decade

• Went from:

  • A union worker ---> labor president ---> the first democratically elected President of Poland

• Was greatly supported by Pope John Paul II and other world leaders

Solidarity

a Polish labor union, led by Lech Walesa, that emerged in the early 1980s as a major anti-communist movement within the Soviet-controlled Eastern Bloc, gaining significant support from the Polish populace and Pope John Paul II; essentially representing a united resistance against the communist regime

Willy Brandt

• 1964-1987: Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany

• 1969-1974: Served as Chancellor the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) 

• Followed policy of “rapprochement” with East Germany

• Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1971

• Lived to see Germany reunited in 1990

Fall of Berlin Wall

• Summer 1990:

  • All former communist nations in the Eastern bloc were replaced by democratic governments

    • Opposite of the Domino Effect (yay!)

      Idk how else to describe this im ngl

Helmut Kohl

• West German Chancellor (1982-1998)

• Assured world leaders that Germany had learned from its past

• Other political leaders gradually came to accept Germany’s unification

Mikhail Gorbachev

• General Secretary of the Communist Party in the USSR from (1985-1991)

• Served as USSR President from 1990-1991

• He encouraged democratic reforms in East Germany

• His efforts to democratize & decentralize the economy led to the collapse of communist Soviet Union