Gibson - 2nd half on-going term quiz

Demilitarization

The action of removing military forces from an area is known as _________________________.

Democratization

_________________________ is the process through which a political regime follows democratic principles or transitions into a more democratic government.

Douglas MacArthur

____________________________ was a U.S. Five-Star General who served as a prominent leader in the Pacific during World War II and oversaw the Allied Occupation of Japan in the post-World War II period.

Article 9

A section of the Japanese Constitution known as ____________________ reads "the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right."

1947 Constitution

The ________________________________ was the first democratic plan of government for Japan; it was largely influenced by the U.S. political structure.

Diet

In Japan, the _________ is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and House of Concillors.

Emperor Hirohito

During the U.S. Occupation of Japan from 1945-1949, _________________________________ was an important ally in creating democracy in Japan; his political power was restructured to include only ceremonial powers.

Japanese Economic Miracle

• Japan became the 2nd largest economy after the US by the 1960s

• Factors that led to Japan’s economic success:

  • Hard-working Japanese people

  • Educated population

  • Korean War

  • Rise of new industries supported by capitalism 

    • EX:

      • Hona, Sony, etc.

  • Guided capitalism

Korean Occupation

• Gwangmu Reform (1897-1907)

  • Emperor Go-Jong (last emperor of Korea)

    • Realized Korea was behind

      • Westernized how Koreans dressed

      • Modernized education and daily life

      • Ended with the Ruso-Japanese war 

• Korea was annexed by Japan by the Korea-Japan Treaty (1910)

  • Occupation lasted from 1910-1945

    • Korean history, language and culture was nearly wiped out

    • Ended when armed forces of US & USSR took control on August 15th, 1945

Kim Jong-Un

• Assumed role of supreme leader in North Korea in 2011

  • Known as “The Marshal” or “Dear Respected”

• Powerful dictator who controls all media & violates human rights

• Kim Yo-Jong (2nd most powerful leader in North Korea)

Park Chung-hee

• Assumed power in 1961 after a successful coup d’etat

• Former military leader in the South Korean army

• Set Korea on course to follow “guided capitalism” similar to Japan

  • Assassinated on October 26, 1979

Domino Theory

• If one nation falls under communism, others will follow

  • Fear that this can even reach to North America (US)

Ho Chi Minh

Communist who led North Vietnam during the Geneva Accords - “Bringer of Light”

Ngo Dinh Diem

Democratic leader of South Vietnam during the Geneva Accords

Mohandas Gandhi

• Indian activist who fought for India’s independence from GB

• Nonviolent Civil Disobedience

• Independence

• Gandhi was assassinated in 1948

• His birthday October 2nd is a national holiday (in India) Known as the International Day of Nonviolence

India National Congress

• Challenges of nation-building

• Formed in 1886

• Mission after WWII was a free & democratic India

• After India’s independence in 1947 became the major ruling political party

• Religious differences between Hindus & Muslims create major religious cleavage

Sikhs

• Religious minority in India

• Wanted their own country in 1947

• Live in the northern province of Punjab

Muslim League

• Founded in 1906

• Wanted to protect Indian Muslims

• Political group that wanted a separate Muslim nation during the Partition of British India in 1947

Kashmir

• One of the most dangerous places in the world today

• A disputed province, straddling India and Pakistan’s northern border

Leonid Brezhnev

__________________________ was a military leader in the Soviet Union who defended communism in Eastern Europe; he became president of the Soviet Union in 1977.

Alexander Dubcek

Communist Party Secretary of Czechoslovakia; loosens strict rules; permits criticism of government; assures loyalty to USSR; gets kicked out

Prague Spring

• Czechs celebrate new “communism with a human face”

• The Soviet Union responds to these reforms with 600,000 Warsaw Pact troops

• To avoid bloodshed, the Czech government ordered armed forces not to resist the invasion

• Dubcek was taken to Moscow to meet with Brezhnev for a “free comradely discussion”

  • As a result, Czechoslovakia abandoned its reforms

  • Significance: 

    • Czechoslovakia served as a warning to any other Eastern European countries 

      • “If you try to break away from the Soviet influence, you better be willing to fight or give up.”

Detente

• French word meaning the “easing of tensions”

• Period of improved relations between the Soviet Union & US

  • Began in 1971

• Majorly impacted by President Nixon’s trip to Moscow in 1972

  • Nixon traveled to Moscow to show earnestness to the Soviet Union

Ostpolitik

• Normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) & Eastern Germany

• Also describes resuming relations of East & West Germany

• Took almost two decades to push East Germany to the point of collapse

SALT

• Agreement between Brezhnev & Nixon in May of 1972

• Considered to be the most progressive attempts to control nuclear weapons at the time

• Contained 2 Major Provisions: 

  • Limited the number of Anti-Ballistic misssiles

  • Froze the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (IBM’s) & submarine launched ballistic missiles

    • Didn’t get rid of missiles, just stopped the production of new ones.

Ronald Reagan

• US President elected in 1980

• Believed that the end of the Cold War was in sight

  • Pursued a policy of “Peace Through Strength”

    • Rejected policies of containment & Détente

• Called the Soviet Union “an evil empire”

• Advocated for a space-based missile shield that would intercept an attack by the Soviet Union (nicknamed “Star Wars”)

Helsinki Accords

• FINLAND!!!

• Major diplomatic agreement reached at the end of the Conference on Security & Co-operation in Europe

• Purpose: 

  • To try to restore relations between the USSR and Western nations

  • To reduce tensions between the US and the USSR

  • Led to the end of the Cold War

Lech Walesa

• Labor activist

• Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1983

• Became President of Poland

• Created (and led) communist Poland’s first independent trade union (Solidarity) in August 1980

• Validated the work of the Solidarity Movement over the last decade

• Went from:

  • A union worker ---> labor president ---> the first democratically elected President of Poland

• Was greatly supported by Pope John Paul II and other world leaders

Solidarity

a Polish labor union, led by Lech Walesa, that emerged in the early 1980s as a major anti-communist movement within the Soviet-controlled Eastern Bloc, gaining significant support from the Polish populace and Pope John Paul II; essentially representing a united resistance against the communist regime

Willy Brandt

• 1964-1987: Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany

• 1969-1974: Served as Chancellor the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) 

• Followed policy of “rapprochement” with East Germany

• Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1971

• Lived to see Germany reunited in 1990

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The border between East Germany and West Germany opened on November 9, 1989 suddenly. It represented the “iron curtain” between Eastern and Western Europe.

Helmut Kohl

Served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1982-1990 and Chancellor of a unified Germany from 1990-1998 as a member of the Christian Democratic Union Party. He oversaw the reunification of Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall. He is the longest serving political leader in Germany.

Mikhail Gorbachev

• General Secretary of the Communist Party in the USSR from (1985-1991)

• Served as USSR President from 1990-1991

• He encouraged democratic reforms in East Germany

• His efforts to democratize & decentralize the economy led to the collapse of communist Soviet Union

Glasnost

Gorbachev’s policy of openness and transparency in the Soviet Union. It encouraged freedom of religion, press and speech which led some Soviet people to question their communist government.

Perestroika

Gorbachev’s policy of economic restructuring in which he tried to revive the weak Soviet economy but it was too late. It helped cause the collapse of the Soviet Union.

INF Treaty

Major nuclear agreement reached between Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan on December 8, 1987. It was important because it was the first time both countries agreed to limit a whole category of nuclear weapons & allow on-site inspections

Boris Yeltsin

President of Russia from 1991-1999 who had a good relationship with the West

August Coup

A failed attempt by hardline Communist Party officials to seize power from Mikhail Gorbachev in August 1991, ultimately contributing to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Commonwealth of Independent States

This organization was formed by countries that were part of the former Soviet Union. Agreed to work together loosely on economic, defense and foreign policy issues.

Neoliberalism

A government policy that focuses on deregulation, limiting government spending and allowing some capitalist ideas; popular in the late 20th century in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Margaret Thatcher

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979-1990 who was a friend/ally of Ronald Reagan and helped facilitate negotiations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev; the Soviets called her the “Iron Lady”

Brezhnev Doctrine

• Speech given to polish workers

  • Talking about what was happening in Czechoslovakia 

• The last 5 years of his rule were spent invading/occupying Afghanistan

• Contributed to the Soviet Union's overall collapse and issues Afghanistan has today

Pope John Paul II

Religious leader and head of the Catholic Church from 1978-2005. He was from Poland and worked to end communism in his native country and encouraged the end of the Cold War.

Vladimir Putin

• Became trusted head of government during Second War in Chechnya

• Used popular anger against oligarchs to his political advantage

• Boris Yeltsin appointed ____ Prime Minister & then acting President in 1999

• ____ easily won the March 2000 presidential election

Oligarchs

Group of wealthy individuals who bought businesses from the Russian government as the command economy of the Soviet Union collapsed.

Tandemocracy

Refers to the period from 2008-2020 in which Vladimir Putin & Dmitry Medvedev ruled as joint leaders (although Putin had most of the power) in Russia.

Russian-Ukrainian War

Began when Russia invaded Ukraine on February 24, 2022. It is the first major European war since WWII. Ukraine was trying to join Western allies in NATO. There have been discussions of a possible cease-fire in 2025 but no deals have been made.