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four classes of gram negative nonproteobacteria
Chlamydia
spirochetes
CFB group
Planctomycetes
CFB
Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides
Phylum Chlamydiae
intracellular pathogens
chlamydias
chlamydias
absent or diminished cell walls but are not mycoplasmas
obligate parasites or pathogens
C. trachomatis
Life cycle of Chlamydiae
1. elementary body attaches to host cell (condensed DNA)
2. elementary body taken up by endocytosis (in cytoplasm)
3. elementary body differentiates into reticulate body (becomes uncondensed and thread like)
4. reticulate body replicates and persists in cell for long periods
5. Reticulate bodies develop into elementary bodies
6. Cell lyses,, releases elementary bodies and finds another hosts
elementary body cells
small, dense
cell resistant to drying and means of dispersal similar to endospores
specialized for infectious transmission
reticulate body
vegetative form divides by binary fission inside cytoplasm
noninfectious
multiples to form large transmission inoculum
eventually converts to elementary bodies, which are released when host cell disintegrates
Chlamydia trachomatis
-pelvic inflammatory disease
inflamed uterus, Fallopian tube, ovary
-causes blindness in humans and sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydophila psittaci
Causes respiratory Psittacosis in birds and humans
zoonosis
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Causes mild pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis
prevalent in college students
Phylum Spirochaetes
have outer membrane
identified by endoflagella in periplasm surrounded by outer sheath
dark field microscopy
include human pathogens in genus Treponema
-treoponema pallidum
genus Borreila
-B. burgdoreferi
-B. recurrens
Treponema pallidum
cause of syphillus
B. burgdorferi
Lyme disease
B. Recurrens
causes louse-borne relapsing fever from lice and ticks
Cytophaga
motile, aquatic bacteria that glide
-secrete slimy substance to slide in soil and find nutrients
-degade cellulose and chtiin in soil
Fusobacteria
Anaerobic
Are found in the mouth; cause dental abscesses
phylum bacteriodetes
obligate anaerobes
help digest plant and animal material
major inhabitants of human colon
gram negative bacillus, ferment indigestible sugar derivatives, break down toxins
Bacterioides thetaiotaomicron
usually mutualistic, although some species are opportunistic pathogens
opportunistic pathogens
normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
found in lumen of large intestine
specializes in degradation of complex polysaccharides, which gives us vitamins from plants we eat
photrophic bacteria
use sunlight as energy
contains non-proteobacteria and proteobacteria
oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis
classified into sulfur and non sulfur bacteria
oxygenic photosynthesis
cyanobacteria, as well as eukaryotic plants and algae, produce oxygen from water as the carry out photosynthesis
2H2O+ CO2----light--> (CH2O) + H20 + O2
anoxygenic photosynthesis
photosynthesis in which O2 is not produced
use hydrogen sulfide as final electron acceptor
2H2S+ CO2---light--> (CH2O) + H20 + 2S0
purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria use reduced sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, instead of water and produce granules of sulfur (S0) rather than oxygen
Cyanobacteria
oxygenic phototrophs
blue/green
ex: Microcystis aeruginosa
Chlorobi
anoxygenic photosynthesis, green sulfur bacteria
sulfur deposited outside cell
ex: chlorobium
Chloroflexi
anoxygenic photosynthesis, green non-sulfur
ex: chloroflexus
Alphaproteobacteria (proteobacteria)
purple, non sulfur bacteria
anoxygenic
ex: Rhodospirillum
Betaproteobacteria (proteobacteria)
purple, non sulfur bacteria
anoxygenic
ex: Rhodocyclus
gammaproteobacteria (proteobacteria)
purple sulfur bacteria
anoxygenic
sulfur produced inside cell
Green sulfur bacteria
phylum Chlorobi
Green nonsulfur bacteria
phylum Chloroflexi
Purple sulfur/nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria
proteobacteria
Phylum Cyanobacteria
produce oxygen
oxygenic photoautotrophs
many fix nitrogen and carbon dioxide
specialized cells called heterocysts
problem: blooms
critical role in change of planets anoxic atmosphere-how we have oxygen rich environment today
heterocysts
a specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria
Blooms
- algae that grow into populations that grow out of control in masses
produce toxins that when ingested, can damage liver
Prochlorococcus
unicellular, nonfilamentous cyanobacterium
worlds most abundant photosynthetic organism
filamentous cyanobacterium
show heterocysts
nitrogen fixing activity is located
makes filaments fixing nitrogen
Purple sulfur bacteria
due to carotenoid pigemtns
presence of bacterial chlorophyll helps pigments capture light energy and transfer electrons to bacteriochlorophyll
Planctomycetes
gram negative, budding bacteria
DNA analysis places them among bacteria, but cell walls resemble archaea
organelle resembled eukaryotic nuclues
Gemmata obscuriglobus
Gemmata obscuriglobus
a bacterium that has its DNA inside a double membrane
resembles eukaryotic nuclues
Gammaproteobactiera
Enterobacteriaceae
called enterics
ferment carbs
facultative anaerobes, motile, commensals, and pathogens
Salmonella and Escherichia
enterics
inhibits intestinal tract
commensal
describes an organism that lives symbiotically with a host; this host neither benefits nor suffers from the association
normal flora
Salmonella
common form of foodborne illness
S. enterica, S. Bungori
S. enterica
food borne illness
in intestines of animals, can be transmitted to animals to humans
undercooked meat and raw eggs
S. typhi
typhoid fever
from water and feces
due to bad sanitation practices
transmitted person to person
Escherichia coli
indicator of fecal contamination
some strains cause food borne illness and urinary tract infections
Salmonella bungori
in cold blooded animals (lizards)
not a problem for humans
Shigella
bacillary dysentery
related to e.coli
produces shigella toxin
causes diarahhea
Klebsiella
K. pneumoniae--> causes pneumonia
in soil, nitrogen fixing
serratia
Produces red pigment
Common cause of nosocomial infections
found on catheters in UTI
Proteus
swarming motility
colonies form concentric rings
edges have lots of flagella and motile
center loses flagella and is less motile
converts Urea to ammonia, thus increasing pH and causing kidney stones
Yersinia
Y. pestis--> causes plague
transmitted via fleas
Erwinia
plant pathogens
secrete enzymes, pectinases, which hydrolyzes pectin
5 Major Phyla of Archaea
Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Thaumarchaeota
none associated with infectious diseases
Archaea
cell wall: pseudopeptiglycan
rods, coccus, unusual morphology
-no direct human pathogens, but influence environment to cause disease and harm human health
Crenarchaeota
aquatic organisms
most abundant microorganisms in the oceans
Sulfolobus, Themoproteus
Sulfolobus
aerobic and anaerobic
thermophiles, 70-80C
acidophiles pH of 2-3.24
oxidizes sulfur and stores sulfuric acid in its granules
used in biotechnology for the production of thermostable and acid-resistant proteins
Thermoproteus
strictly anaerobic organisms, 85C
reduce sulfur or molecular hydrogen and use carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide as a source of carbon
deepest-branching genus of Archaea
living example of some of our planets earliest forms of life
Euryarchaeota
methane-producing archaea
can survive extremophiles or mesophiles
class: Halobacteria
methane producing archaea
methanogens
reduce carbon dioxide in the presence of hydrogen, producing methane
apart of normal microbiota
-in intestines, oral cavities, vagina
Halobacteria
require high salt concentration of sodium chloride in aquatic environment
perform photosynthesis using the protein bacteriorhodopsin
Microbial diversity
PCR indicates 10,000 bacteria per gram of soil
Two main types of microbiota
Permanent and transient (temporary)
Symbiotic relationships
Mutualism, amensalism, commensalism, neutralism, parasitism
Mutualism
Both populations benefit
Amensalism
Pop A harmed, pop B unaffected
Commensalism
Pop A benefitted, Pop B unaffected
Locations: skin, oral cavity, upper resp tract, intestines, urogenital tract
Neutralism
Both populations unaffected
Parasitism
Pop A benefitted, pop B harmed
Vaginal birth
Lactobacillus and bacteroides are prevalent
Changes in microbiota over time
Before puberty- pH neutral, staph
Menopause- diversity equal to before puberty, more prone to infections
Cesarean birth
Microbiome resembles human skin
Staphylococcus aureus