Gram Negative Bacteria (Chapter 4, Exam 2)

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73 Terms

1

four classes of gram negative nonproteobacteria

Chlamydia

spirochetes

CFB group

Planctomycetes

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CFB

Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides

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Phylum Chlamydiae

intracellular pathogens

chlamydias

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chlamydias

absent or diminished cell walls but are not mycoplasmas

obligate parasites or pathogens

C. trachomatis

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Life cycle of Chlamydiae

1. elementary body attaches to host cell (condensed DNA)

2. elementary body taken up by endocytosis (in cytoplasm)

3. elementary body differentiates into reticulate body (becomes uncondensed and thread like)

4. reticulate body replicates and persists in cell for long periods

5. Reticulate bodies develop into elementary bodies

6. Cell lyses,, releases elementary bodies and finds another hosts

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elementary body cells

small, dense

cell resistant to drying and means of dispersal similar to endospores

specialized for infectious transmission

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reticulate body

vegetative form divides by binary fission inside cytoplasm

noninfectious

multiples to form large transmission inoculum

eventually converts to elementary bodies, which are released when host cell disintegrates

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Chlamydia trachomatis

-pelvic inflammatory disease

inflamed uterus, Fallopian tube, ovary

-causes blindness in humans and sexually transmitted disease

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Chlamydophila psittaci

Causes respiratory Psittacosis in birds and humans

zoonosis

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Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Causes mild pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis

prevalent in college students

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Phylum Spirochaetes

have outer membrane

identified by endoflagella in periplasm surrounded by outer sheath

dark field microscopy

include human pathogens in genus Treponema

-treoponema pallidum

genus Borreila

-B. burgdoreferi

-B. recurrens

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Treponema pallidum

cause of syphillus

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B. burgdorferi

Lyme disease

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B. Recurrens

causes louse-borne relapsing fever from lice and ticks

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Cytophaga

motile, aquatic bacteria that glide

-secrete slimy substance to slide in soil and find nutrients

-degade cellulose and chtiin in soil

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Fusobacteria

Anaerobic

Are found in the mouth; cause dental abscesses

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phylum bacteriodetes

obligate anaerobes

help digest plant and animal material

major inhabitants of human colon

gram negative bacillus, ferment indigestible sugar derivatives, break down toxins

Bacterioides thetaiotaomicron

usually mutualistic, although some species are opportunistic pathogens

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opportunistic pathogens

normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

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Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

found in lumen of large intestine

specializes in degradation of complex polysaccharides, which gives us vitamins from plants we eat

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photrophic bacteria

use sunlight as energy

contains non-proteobacteria and proteobacteria

oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis

classified into sulfur and non sulfur bacteria

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oxygenic photosynthesis

cyanobacteria, as well as eukaryotic plants and algae, produce oxygen from water as the carry out photosynthesis

2H2O+ CO2----light--> (CH2O) + H20 + O2

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anoxygenic photosynthesis

photosynthesis in which O2 is not produced

use hydrogen sulfide as final electron acceptor

2H2S+ CO2---light--> (CH2O) + H20 + 2S0

purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria use reduced sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, instead of water and produce granules of sulfur (S0) rather than oxygen

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Cyanobacteria

oxygenic phototrophs

blue/green

ex: Microcystis aeruginosa

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Chlorobi

anoxygenic photosynthesis, green sulfur bacteria

sulfur deposited outside cell

ex: chlorobium

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Chloroflexi

anoxygenic photosynthesis, green non-sulfur

ex: chloroflexus

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Alphaproteobacteria (proteobacteria)

purple, non sulfur bacteria

anoxygenic

ex: Rhodospirillum

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Betaproteobacteria (proteobacteria)

purple, non sulfur bacteria

anoxygenic

ex: Rhodocyclus

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gammaproteobacteria (proteobacteria)

purple sulfur bacteria

anoxygenic

sulfur produced inside cell

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Green sulfur bacteria

phylum Chlorobi

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Green nonsulfur bacteria

phylum Chloroflexi

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Purple sulfur/nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria

proteobacteria

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Phylum Cyanobacteria

produce oxygen

oxygenic photoautotrophs

many fix nitrogen and carbon dioxide

specialized cells called heterocysts

problem: blooms

critical role in change of planets anoxic atmosphere-how we have oxygen rich environment today

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heterocysts

a specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria

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Blooms

- algae that grow into populations that grow out of control in masses

produce toxins that when ingested, can damage liver

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Prochlorococcus

unicellular, nonfilamentous cyanobacterium

worlds most abundant photosynthetic organism

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filamentous cyanobacterium

show heterocysts

nitrogen fixing activity is located

makes filaments fixing nitrogen

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Purple sulfur bacteria

due to carotenoid pigemtns

presence of bacterial chlorophyll helps pigments capture light energy and transfer electrons to bacteriochlorophyll

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Planctomycetes

gram negative, budding bacteria

DNA analysis places them among bacteria, but cell walls resemble archaea

organelle resembled eukaryotic nuclues

Gemmata obscuriglobus

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Gemmata obscuriglobus

a bacterium that has its DNA inside a double membrane

resembles eukaryotic nuclues

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Gammaproteobactiera

Enterobacteriaceae

called enterics

ferment carbs

facultative anaerobes, motile, commensals, and pathogens

Salmonella and Escherichia

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enterics

inhibits intestinal tract

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commensal

describes an organism that lives symbiotically with a host; this host neither benefits nor suffers from the association

normal flora

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Salmonella

common form of foodborne illness

S. enterica, S. Bungori

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S. enterica

food borne illness

in intestines of animals, can be transmitted to animals to humans

undercooked meat and raw eggs

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S. typhi

typhoid fever

from water and feces

due to bad sanitation practices

transmitted person to person

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Escherichia coli

indicator of fecal contamination

some strains cause food borne illness and urinary tract infections

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Salmonella bungori

in cold blooded animals (lizards)

not a problem for humans

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Shigella

bacillary dysentery

related to e.coli

produces shigella toxin

causes diarahhea

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Klebsiella

K. pneumoniae--> causes pneumonia

in soil, nitrogen fixing

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serratia

Produces red pigment

Common cause of nosocomial infections

found on catheters in UTI

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Proteus

swarming motility

colonies form concentric rings

edges have lots of flagella and motile

center loses flagella and is less motile

converts Urea to ammonia, thus increasing pH and causing kidney stones

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Yersinia

Y. pestis--> causes plague

transmitted via fleas

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Erwinia

plant pathogens

secrete enzymes, pectinases, which hydrolyzes pectin

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5 Major Phyla of Archaea

Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Thaumarchaeota

none associated with infectious diseases

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Archaea

cell wall: pseudopeptiglycan

rods, coccus, unusual morphology

-no direct human pathogens, but influence environment to cause disease and harm human health

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Crenarchaeota

aquatic organisms

most abundant microorganisms in the oceans

Sulfolobus, Themoproteus

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Sulfolobus

aerobic and anaerobic

thermophiles, 70-80C

acidophiles pH of 2-3.24

oxidizes sulfur and stores sulfuric acid in its granules

used in biotechnology for the production of thermostable and acid-resistant proteins

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Thermoproteus

strictly anaerobic organisms, 85C

reduce sulfur or molecular hydrogen and use carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide as a source of carbon

deepest-branching genus of Archaea

living example of some of our planets earliest forms of life

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Euryarchaeota

methane-producing archaea

can survive extremophiles or mesophiles

class: Halobacteria

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methane producing archaea

methanogens

reduce carbon dioxide in the presence of hydrogen, producing methane

apart of normal microbiota

-in intestines, oral cavities, vagina

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Halobacteria

require high salt concentration of sodium chloride in aquatic environment

perform photosynthesis using the protein bacteriorhodopsin

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Microbial diversity

PCR indicates 10,000 bacteria per gram of soil

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Two main types of microbiota

Permanent and transient (temporary)

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Symbiotic relationships

Mutualism, amensalism, commensalism, neutralism, parasitism

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Mutualism

Both populations benefit

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Amensalism

Pop A harmed, pop B unaffected

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Commensalism

Pop A benefitted, Pop B unaffected

Locations: skin, oral cavity, upper resp tract, intestines, urogenital tract

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Neutralism

Both populations unaffected

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Parasitism

Pop A benefitted, pop B harmed

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Vaginal birth

Lactobacillus and bacteroides are prevalent

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Changes in microbiota over time

Before puberty- pH neutral, staph

Menopause- diversity equal to before puberty, more prone to infections

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Cesarean birth

Microbiome resembles human skin

Staphylococcus aureus

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