ap bio 2 :(

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 8 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/66

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

67 Terms

1
New cards
Cell
smallest unit of life
2
New cards
Subcellular
existing or occurring within a cell
3
New cards
Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
4
New cards
endomembrane system
A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
5
New cards
Nucleus
The most visible organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains the DNA not found in the mitochondria or chloroplasts. Enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and contains a nucleolus (which makes ribosomes).
6
New cards
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
Extends beyond the nuclear envelope as a series of membranes without ribosomes attached. Functions in making lipids and detoxing the cell from toxic substances.
7
New cards
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
Extends from the Smooth ER as a series of membranes with ribosomes attached. Proteins are made by the ribosomes and are transported by the rough er and vesicles to the Golgi complex to be shipped out of a cell.
8
New cards
Ribosomes
Made by the nucleolus and are not membrane bound or part of the endomembrane system (not considered a true organelle). Made up of ribosomal RNA and proteins. Function in producing proteins for the cell (free ribosomes in the cytoplasm) or export from the cell (attached to the rough ER).
9
New cards
Vesicle
A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.
10
New cards
Vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Can also store food or function in pumping water out of a single celled organism.
11
New cards
Golgi Complex
Accepts materials enclosed in a vesicle from the rough ER. Packages and processes substances for export from the cell. Has a sidedness - the cis face accepts materials and the trans face ships materials out.
12
New cards
Lysosome
A membrane bound organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules. The enzymes function best in an acidic environment.
13
New cards
Hydrolytic
cleavage of bonds by the addition of water
14
New cards
Intracellular
within the cell
15
New cards
Extracellular
outside the cell
16
New cards
Eukaryotic
A cell characterized by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes can be unicellular (protists) or multicellular (fungi, plants and animals).
17
New cards
Cell
smallest unit of life
18
New cards
Nucleus
Subcellular organelle that contains DNA and a nucleolus
19
New cards
Mitochondria
Membrane bound organelles that are the sites of cellular respiration. They produce ATP from sugars, fats, and other fuels. Found in all eukaryotic cells. Made up of an outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane with folds called cristae, and a matrix in the middle. Have their own DNA and ribosomes.
20
New cards
Chloroplasts
Membrane bound organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis. They use carbon dioxide to produce sugars and other compounds. They contain chlorophyll and enzymes for photosynthesis. Chemical reactions are compartmentalized by the membranes. There's an outer double membrane, flattened discs called thylakoids that contain chlorophyll and organize to form stacks called grana. Thylakoids are suspended in the fluid filled stroma. Have their own DNA and ribosomes.
21
New cards
Compartmentalization
seen in eukaryotes; consequence of organelles being membrane-bound. - keeps functions and raw materials or chemical reactions separated
22
New cards
Form fits function
How something works is related to its structure
23
New cards
Enery
the ability to do work
24
New cards
Surface Area
The measurement of the outer surface of an object.
25
New cards
Volume
The amount of space an object takes up
26
New cards
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume.
27
New cards
Examples of Cell Adaptation to Increase the Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Root Hairs in Plant Cells, Guard Cells Surrounding Stomata, Epithelial Cells of the Small Intestine
28
New cards
Plasma Membrane
a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.
29
New cards
Phospholipid
a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes
30
New cards
Phospholipid Bilayer
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.
31
New cards
Transmembrane Protein
An integral membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer.
32
New cards
Peripheral Protein
A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.
33
New cards
Steroid
lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
34
New cards
Cholesterol
A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
35
New cards
Glycolipid
a lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates
36
New cards
Glycoprotein
A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.
37
New cards
Fluid Mosaic Model
Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.
38
New cards
Aqueous
watery
39
New cards
Cell Wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants, prokaryotes, and fungi
40
New cards
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
41
New cards
Selective Permeability
A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
42
New cards
Passive Transport
The net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. (Down the concentration gradient) - Plays the primary role in the import of materials and the export of wastes
43
New cards
Concentration Gradient
A difference in the concentration of a substance across space.
44
New cards
What type of molecules pass freely through the cell membrane?
Small, non polar molecules (N2, O2, CO2) - pass between the lipids.
45
New cards
What type of molecules use transport or channel proteins for passive transport?
Hydrophilic substances such as large, polar molecules and ions.
46
New cards
Channel Protein
A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel.
47
New cards
Transport Protein
A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.
48
New cards
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels/transport proteins (High concentration to low concentration)
49
New cards
Aquaporin
water channel protein in a cell
50
New cards
Tonicity
The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.
51
New cards
Osmolarity
total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
52
New cards
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
53
New cards
Hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.
54
New cards
Isotonic
Having the same solute concentration as another solution.
55
New cards
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
56
New cards
Water potential
The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure, gravity, or capillarity (difference in potential energy between a given water sample and pure water)
57
New cards
Active Transport
The movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration with a direct input of energy.
58
New cards
Carrier Protein
A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that holds onto molecules and changes their shapes in a way that shuttles them across the membrane.
59
New cards
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
60
New cards
sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
61
New cards
proton pump
An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process.
62
New cards
electrochemical gradient
The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).
63
New cards
Membrane potential
The voltage across a cell's plasma membrane.
64
New cards
Cotransport
The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.
65
New cards
Bulk transport
The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis
66
New cards
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
67
New cards
Exocytosis
release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.