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crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
mixed farming
growing crops and feed and livestock all on the same farm
seed drill
created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to plant seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields
mechanical hoe
removed weeds from between the seed rows
thresher
Machines that separate grains and seeds from plants
enclosure movement
practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings
yeomen farmer
a freeman who owned his own land, usually small farms
internal tariffs
taxes on items or properties sold WITHIN a country, which hurt the average person by raising the price of goods.
customs barrier
Taxes and restrictions on imports designed to protect a country's trade
external tariff
taxes on items coming in to a country with the goal of protecting that country's industries
water meadow
A meadow that is artificially created and maintained, with flooding controlled. Produces efficient grazing for livestock
cottage industry
Merchants
employed people such as spinners and weavers to work from home making
finished products, and the workers were paid per item made. (also known as the putting out system)
putting out system
Merchants
employed people such as spinners and weavers to work from home making
finished products, and the workers were paid per item made. (also known as Cottage Industry)
proto-industrialization
the first industry, before the development of factories. (example cottage industry)
self-sustaining growth
an economic cycle in which a nation produces products that then drive more economic activity
steam engine
A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion by using the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.
spinning jenny
A machine that could spin several threads at once to make cloth.
water frame
Invention that allowed factories to use the moving water to power machines.
spinning mule
combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create a machine which produced a thread which was stronger, finer and more consistent
cotton gin
a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber making cotton cloth production more efficient and less costly.
Le Chapelier Law
In June of 1791 this law made guilds and all trade union illegal in France. Made it illegal for workers to strike.
Bank of England
created in England 1694 to ensure a stable money supply and to lay the foundation for a network of lending institutions. Allowed Britain to be very powerful
Limited-Liability Corporation
made investment safer by making investors not responsible for a company's debts, but only for the amount they originally invested in it.
fodder crops
Crops which added nutrients to the soil (such as Turnips and Clover) and then were used to feed livestock.
interchangeable parts
Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing, making fixing machines cheaper.
hedges
rows of closely planted shrubs or small trees usually used to mark the edges of a property line.
livestock
farm animals; domestic animals raised for their working ability or for their value as a source of food and other products
wages
money paid to an employee for work done
free enterprise
Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government, guild, or trade union interference
venture capitalist
provider of investment funds to a start-up business in exchange for partial ownership of the business
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