History Final

French Revolution

French Revolution

Jacobins come to power and cause Reign of Terror; lots of violence, people worship reason - overthrow French Monarchy (1792-1795)

Emigres

Rich nobles of France that fled to survive the red terror. Returned to take back old French rule.

France’s economic crisis

french lost many wars, continued to go into great debt

old regime

political and economic ways of French beforerevolution (King Louis 16th and Queen Marie Antoinette)

Louis XVI

king of France, seen as weak, citizens lose respect

Tennis Court Oath

pledge by france national assembly vowing to continue until they make a new constitution

Storming of the Bastille

prison stormed by mob of revolutionists to get gunpowder and arms

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

revolutionary ideas, similar to declaration of independence (freedom and equality)

Reign of Terror

started by committee of public safety, sought to remove all french past, and kill all against the revolution

Robespierre

Jacobin leader who led committee of public safety. Became dictator of france

Napoleon

general of France’s army, seen as hero and took the role of dictator

Coup d’état

sudden seizure of power (napoleon)

Napoleonic Code

napoleon’s system of laws, set to remove injustices, but did opposite (slavery)

Continental System

the blockade of trade and communication between Britain and Europe by the French

Peninsular War

the spanish (with help of brits) driving french out of spain, weakened french. Started by Napoleon putting brother in charge of Spain and invading Portugal after the British landed.

Battle of Waterloo

napoleon’s last defeat, in belgium, defeated by british and prussian

Congress of Vienna

european meeting to set up policies to reach civil order

Industrial Revolution

increase output and production through machines

Enclosure

landowners buying large fields from farmers to increase productivity

Crop Rotation

growing different crops each year

England Textiles

type of woven fabric, mass produced in industrialization

Cottage Industry

Local guilds specialize in certain products and would pay them for top produce, usually a lot.

vs/ factory system

Have many machines and fast products and cheap.

George Stephenson

built 20 engines for mining operators, used for railroads

Urbanization

city building, moving people to cities

Spread of industrialization Industrial Rev. shifts the world balance of power/ Asia and Africa

europe and Us began to industrialize but africa and asia stayed agricultural, europe dominated

Laissez- faire

lets owners of business set working conditions. Free market

Adam Smith

defended idea of free market(wealth of nations)

Capitalism

factors of production are privately owned by the people

Socialism

factors of production are owned by the public, to benefit all

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

wrote the communist manifesto, all history is history of class struggle

Bourgeoisie(middle class)/ Proletariat(working class)

marx predicts proletariat will overthrow

Unions

labor associations pressing for reform

Collective bargaining

negotiation to agree on salary

strikes

refusal to work

Luddites

Destroy machines in protest

Nationalism (Romanticism)

believing in something you cannot see, loyal to people not kings

Independence of Greece

british, french, russian fought ottomans to give greece independence(nationalism)

European Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

vienna breaking down, countries trying for independence, conservatives rise

Risorgimento

unification of Italy with Camilo de Cavour in the north from the kingdom of Sardinia to take over Austrians w/ British and French support and help in the Crimean War. Took over Papal states. Giuseppe Garibaldi and the red shirts take over the south from Sicily and naples. He gives up power to the king of Sardinia Emmanuel 2.

Bismarck

junker(conservative) prussian prime minister, expands to creat german empire(2nd reich)

Realpolitiks

bismark’s way, tough power with no room for idealism

Franco- Prussian War

final stage of german unification, accepting prussian leadership

Kaiser

emperor

Imperialism

seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country

Cultural imperialism

when the culture of the imperialist country is carried over

New Imperialism

19th century to ww1(Us & japan)

Direct(government & economy vs indirect imperialism(just economy) Protectorate

Country or region under direct military protection of another.

Motives for imperialism

recourses, political power, africa disunited

Social Darwinism/ “White man’s burden” Scramble for Africa

european each wanted a piece

Belgian Congo

colony with lots of copper and tin Leopold 2 had complete ownership of land. Had quotas for production

Berlin Conference

european conference setting rules for division of africa

Sepoy Mutiny

rebellion of hindu and muslim soldiers against brits for pork and beef oil in the round cartridges. Muslims in pakistan and hindus in India

Geopolitics

interest in taking land for strategic location of products

Suez Canal

man-made water way connecting red sea to mediterranean to make transportation easier

Crimean War

russians vs ottomans, 1950-53. For access to Crimean Peninsula and the black sea (Yearly open ports) ottomans lost lots of territory

The Opium Wars

china vs britain after brits got them addicted to opium, mostly fought over seas. Britain won

Treaty of Nanjing

peace treaty between china and britain, giving them honk kong

Extraterritoriality

foreigners were not subject to chinese laws in specific places(nanjing)

Open Door Notes

US preventing chinese division, opening chinese to all merchants.

Boxer Rebellion

chinese campaigning against foreigner privilege and chinese loss of power, they invaded beijing but we defeated by army

Russo-Japanese

War Fought from 1904-05 in Manchuria and Korea over competing for influence in the area. Originally, Russia had Manchuria and Japan to have Korea, but Korea attacked at Port Arthur to start a war. Ended with Treaty of Portsmouth. Started 1905 Russian Revolutions after an embarrassing loss as Euros thought that Japan was weak and puny(social darwinism).  Basically started Japanese Imperialism and proved Asians can defeat the Europeans

Militarism

glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

hungarian prince shot by black hand(freeing bosnia from austrian) wanted balkan unification, austria declares war on serbia(germany)

Central Powers

germany and austria-hungary, ottomans

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Russia, US, Japan, Italy

Schlieffen Plan

german plan, attack france in west then rush to russia in east to fight

Trench Warfare

western front, fighting in trenches, little movement or gain, lots of death

Total War

all recourses devoted to winning the war

Conscription

compulsory national service

Mobilization

assembling of resources

Women’s efforts

worked in factories, fields, offices, built tanks, and supplied resources

Unrestricted submarine warfare

policy, germans announced that their submarines would sink without working any ship in waters around britain

Lustinania

British ship with Americans, US angry because sunk by german u-boat

Zimmerman Telegram

germany telegram telling mexico to help, intercepted by British, us joins war

Armistice

agreement to stop fighting

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s proposals outlining plan for achieving peace

Paris Peace Conference, Treaty of Versailles

compromise to 14 points and germany punished, germany loses money and war

League of Nations

international association to keep peace(us not in)

Bolsheviks

radical revolutionists

Lenin

leader of Bolsheviks

Soviets

local councils consisting of workers, peasant, and soldiers

Grigori Rasputin

“healed boy”, given rights, against revolution, killed

Armenian Genocide

Ottoman killing of Armenians first documented Genocide

Balfour Declaration

brits establishing home for jews in palestine

Kemal Ataturk

First president and founded Turkey

Mao Zedong

part of fonder of chinese communist party, eventually becomes leader

Long March

6,000 mile long march of 700,000 chinese nationalists invaded, 100,000 communists fled(the march), only 10,000 survived. Had to truce because japan invaded

Civil Disobedience/Satyagraha

Using non-violent and legal actions in a form of protest(boycotts, marches)

Rowlatt Act

Can imprison any individual for suspected terrorism or revolutionary ideas without trial

The Salt Marches

Protested British law by harvesting salt from seawater instead of buying salt from the government

Great Depression

us stock market crash and collapse of us economy, caused global depression

Franklin D. Roosevelt

first president after depression

New Deal

program of government reform, with public works to create jobs

Totalitarian Characteristics

government takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life

Joseph Stalin

turned russia totalitarian, destroying all enemies (controlled everything)

Five Year Plans

impossibly high quotas and goals for economy. Soviets did make substantial gains

Fascism

militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to leader. No defined theory or program. Did not seek classless society

Benito Mussolini

founded fascist party in italy, gained support and put in charge of government. No other parties, censorship, controlled economy

March on Rome

30,000 fascists marching on rome demanding mussolini put in charge