english final review

Reread:

  • [ ] Gilgamesh
  • [ ] Hebrew Bible Flood Story
  • [ ] Rig Veda
  • [ ] Oedipus
  • [ ] Rubaiyat - questions about text, text provided only on this

GRAMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECH

  • noun - name person, place, thing, idea
  • pronoun - take the place of a noun (it, I, they)
  • adjective - modify nouns by limiting meanings
  • verbs   * linking - link subject to the word that identifies/modifies it (any form of to be)   * action - express action or a state of being
  • adverbs - modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs
  • prepositions - show relationship between a noun and another word
  • conjunctions - join single words or groups of words
  • interjections - express emotion or exclamation

PARTS OF SENTENCE

  • subject - noun/pronoun, tells us what the sentence is about   * “She walked.”   * empty subject: “There was no excuse.”
  • predicate → simple predicate - verb/verb phrase, tells us what the subject does   * “She walked.” action verb   * “She was hungry.” linking verb

-action verbs

  • direct object - noun/pronoun, after action verbs, answers what? whom?   * “She walked the dog.” (what did she walk?)
  • indirect object - noun/pronoun, always with direct object (after action verb), before DO, answers to what/whom? for whom?   * “She read him a book.” (to whom did she read a book?)
  • object complement - noun/pronoun/adj, always after direct object, identifies/describes DO   * “She painted the room blue.”

-linking verbs → subject complements

  • predicate nominative - noun/pronoun, follows linking verb, identifies subject   * “I am a teacher.”
  • predicate adjective - adjective, follows linking verb, describes subject   * “I am tired.”

PHRASES: groups of words, interrelated, that complement each other

  • Prepositional Phrases   * always start with preposition   * always end with a noun = object of preposition   * act as adjectives or adverbs   * “The phone (in my pocket) is black.”
  • Participial Phrases   * participle + modifiers or complements   * can be present (-ing) or past (-ed, sometimes)   * always act as adjectives   * participles = verbal
  • Gerund Phrases   * gerund = verbal     * end in -ing   * always act as nouns   * “[__Skiing__ down a bunny hill] is my favorite sport.”
  • Infinitive Phrases   * infinitives = verbals   * to (verb)   * infinitive + modifier/complement   * act as noun/adjective/adverb   * “I like to ski.”