english final review

• vocab questions: Gilgamesh, Bible, Oedipus

Reread:

• [ ] Gilgamesh
• [ ] Hebrew Bible Flood Story
• [ ] Rig Veda
• [ ] Oedipus
• [ ] Rubaiyat - questions about text, text provided only on this

GRAMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECH

• noun - name person, place, thing, idea
• pronoun - take the place of a noun (it, I, they)
• adjective - modify nouns by limiting meanings
• verbs
  • linking - link subject to the word that identifies/modifies it (any form of to be)
  • action - express action or a state of being
• adverbs - modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs
• prepositions - show relationship between a noun and another word
• conjunctions - join single words or groups of words
• interjections - express emotion or exclamation

PARTS OF SENTENCE

• subject - noun/pronoun, tells us what the sentence is about
  • “She walked.”
  • empty subject: “There was no excuse.”
• predicate → simple predicate - verb/verb phrase, tells us what the subject does
  • “She walked.” action verb
  • “She was hungry.” linking verb

-action verbs

• direct object - noun/pronoun, after action verbs, answers what? whom?
  • “She walked the dog.” (what did she walk?)
• indirect object - noun/pronoun, always with direct object (after action verb), before DO, answers to what/whom? for whom?
  • “She read him a book.” (to whom did she read a book?)
• object complement - noun/pronoun/adj, always after direct object, identifies/describes DO
  • “She painted the room blue.”

-linking verbs → subject complements

• predicate nominative - noun/pronoun, follows linking verb, identifies subject
  • “I am a teacher.”
• predicate adjective - adjective, follows linking verb, describes subject
  • “I am tired.”

PHRASES: groups of words, interrelated, that complement each other

• Prepositional Phrases
  • always start with preposition
  • always end with a noun = object of preposition
  • act as adjectives or adverbs
  • “The phone (in my pocket) is black.”
• Participial Phrases
  • participle + modifiers or complements
  • can be present (-ing) or past (-ed, sometimes)
  • always act as adjectives
  • participles = verbal
• Gerund Phrases
  • gerund = verbal
  • end in -ing
  • always act as nouns
  • “[Skiing down a bunny hill] is my favorite sport.”
• Infinitive Phrases
  • infinitives = verbals
  • to (verb)
  • infinitive + modifier/complement
  • act as noun/adjective/adverb
  • “I like to ski.”