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Parietal lobes
at the top of the brain
Contain somatosensory cortex
somatosensory cortex
receives information about touch sensation
Occipital lobes
in the back of the head
Contain visual cortex-
Temporal lobes
flexibility of brain structures
Can shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas
Damage -> The brain can form new synapses, reorganize
Can physically change the structure in response to learning
Neurogenesis
growth of new neurons
Attention
Focusing consciousness on specific stimuli or aspects of stimuli
Selective attention
focusing on specific information while ignoring other information
Inattentional blindness
failing to detect available stimuli due to selective attention
Change blindness-
failing to detect changes in stimuli due to selective attention
Circadian rhythm-
biological clock controlled by the hypothalamus
Provides an approximate schedule for physical processes
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Controls pineal gland
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN
in the hypothalamus- sensitive to changes in light
Pineal gland
secretes melatonin
Melatonin
a hormone that causes sleepiness
Darkness
SCN directs pineal gland to secret melatonin
Lightness
SCN directs the pineal gland to stop secreting melatonin
Sleep stages
~ 90-minute cycles of sleep stages
N1
NON-rapid eye movement (in REM)-
Hypnic or hypgnagogic jerk
Hypnagogic hallucinations
N2
True sleep
Brain activity slows
Reductions in heart rate and muscle tension
N3
deep sleep
Further showing of brain activity
Hard to awaken, disoriented when awakened
Growth hormones released from the pituitary
REM-
brain waves resemble wakefulness
Eyes move back and forth
Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing- rapid or irregular
Sleep paralysis- not being able to move
“Paradoxical sleep”
Dreams
evolutionary/ adaptive theory
protection- not out and vulnerable to predators in the dark
Restorative theory
sleep supports growth and healing
Production of growth hormone
Supports immune functioning
Sleep deprivation-
slower healing, reduced immune system activity, impairment of memory formation, irritability, risk of depression and obesity
Information processing theory
sleep supports cognitive processes
Supports learning
Restores and rebuilds memories
Supports creative thinking
Feud
dreams stem from unconscious thoughts
Manifest content
the actual images in the dream
Latent content
the unconscious thoughts, feelings, and wishes behind the manifest content
Activation synthesis-
brain internally generated signals form dreams
Information processing
memories of events from dreams
Preserving neural pathways
the purpose of dreaming is to provide brain stimulation
Development psychology
the scientific study of patterns of change and stability in humans, “womb to tomb”
Behavioral genetics
the study of genetic and environmental bases of individual differences in behavior and personality
Heritability
- a statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity to individual differences
Adoption studies
compare adopted children to adoptive families and biological families
Twin studies
compare pairs of monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins
Monozygotic twins
share 100% genes
Dizygotic twins
share 50% genes
Adoption twin studies
compare MZ twins separated in infancy and MZ twins reared together
Physical development
- what reflexes are present in infancy
Cognitive development-
how do children acquire knowledge
Social development
how environment influences development
Infants
brain and reflex behavior
Reflexes-
automatic responses to a specific stimulus
Primitive reflexes-
sucking, rooting (rerouting), Moro (startle), grasping (squeeze palm), Babinski (foot gets stroked, toes flare up)
Piaget
theory of cognitive stages-
How does the mind structure its content and adapt to the environment
Children understand the world with the schemes/schema- mental categories
Assimilation
fitting new information into the present system of knowledge (schema)
Accommodation-
as a result of new information, change existing schemas
mental adaptations
children change thinking due to new observations and experiences
Cognitive stage 1- sensorimotor stage
birth to 2 years
Looking, sucking, touching
Develop object permanence
Develop object permanence
understanding that something continues to exist even when it cannot be seen
Stage 2- preoperational stage-
age 2 to 7
Egocentric
Animistic thinking
Cannot grasp concept of conservation
Egocentric
only use own frame of reference
Animistic thinking
attribute life to objects (inanimate objects have feelings)
concept of conservation
understanding that physical properties do not change when appearance changes
Stage 3- concrete operations stage
age 7 to 11
Can understand conservation
Can understand reversibility
Can understand transitivity
reversibility
the idea that a stimulus has been changed and can return to its original state the idea that a stimulus has been changed and can return to its original state
transitivity
understanding how components in a series are related
Stage 4- formal operations stage
age 11 to adulthood
Abstract and systematic reasoning
Thinking about future possibilities
Vygotskys theory of sociocultural influences
Cognitive development results from guidance
Zone of proximal development
Difference between what the child can do alone and with assistance
Scaffolding
Zone of proximal development
the level at which a child can almost perform a task independently
Scaffolding
The teacher adjusts the amount of support to the child's level of development
Theory of mind
understanding of how other people think
Social development
Changes in interpersonal thought feelings and behavior
Social development is lifelong
Erik Erikson theory of psychosocial development (8 stages)
Eriks stage 1- trust vs mistrust (birth-1year)
Trust allows formation of intimate relationships
Develops when caregiving is sensitive, responsive and consistent
Eriks stage 2- autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3yr)
Autonomy- independence, self control
Eriks stage 3- initiative vs guilt (3-5)
Am I good or bad?
Eriks stage 4- industry vs. inferiority (6-11)
Sense of competence or inability
Attachment
starting in infancy; enduring, emotional bond between infant and another person
Harlow
soft contact important (ex monkey experiment)
Attachment styles
Secure- adult as secure base from which to explore
insecure-anxious/ambivalent (resistant )
Insecure-avoidant
Causes for insecure attachment
temperament
stressful home life
parenting
Long term effects of attachment
Attachment security affects emotional, social, and cognitive competence
Size of vocab
Interpersonal interaction
Emotions
Deprivation of attachment
Romanian orphanages- little contact
Difficulty developing social bonds
Ethological theory (Bowlby)
babies have biologically programmed behaviors that prompt others to care for them because they’re cute
1- authoritarian
low warmth, high control
Controlling, demanding, high emphasis on obedience
Very restrictive, lots of rules
2- permissive-
high warmth, low control
Very few rules or restrictions
3- uninvolved (neglectful)-
low warmth, low control
Least effective, most detrimental
4- authoritative
high warmth, high control
Not overly demanding or hostile