BYU AP Psychology Part 1 Online Speedback 5

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n)_____________stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n)__________stimulus.

a. conditioned; neutral

b. neutral; conditioned

c. conditioned; unconditioned

d. unconditioned; conditioned

b

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the

a. CS

b. CR

c. UCR

d. UCS

c

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as a

a. UCS

b. CR

c. UCR

d. CS

a

The biggest objection to behaviorism, as Skinner approached it, is that it dehumanizes people and seeks to control their behaviors. In his writings and practice, he did not acknowledge (select all that apply)

a. religion

b. personal feelings

c. internal thoughts

b, c

Although much of our development is determined by the biology of our innate wiring and maturation, a behaviorist like Ivan Pavlov or B. F. Skinner would tell us that our development is largely a product of _______________.

a. negative reinforcers

b. learning

c. positive reinforcers

d. conditioned responses

e. conditioned stimuli

b

Julie runs 2 miles every day after school because it reduces the stress she feels from schoolwork. Julie's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

a. conditioned

b. positive

c. partial

d. negative

d

You are expecting an important letter in the mail. As the regular delivery time approaches, you glance more and more frequently out the window, searching for the letter carrier. Your behavior in this situation typifies that associated with which schedule of reinforcement?

a. variable-ratio

b. variable-interval

c. fixed-interval

d. fixed-ratio

c

When a father admonishes his young son that "big boys don't cry," this in an example of the __________.

a. gender schema theory

b. gender-typing theory

c. social learning theory

d. social identity theory

c

Visual sensory memory is referred to as

a. iconic memory

b. photo memory

c. echoic memory

d. semantic memory

a

The three steps in memory information processing are

a. encoding, storage, retrieval

b. encoding, retrieval, storage

c. input, storage, output

d. input, storage, retrieval

e. input, processing, output

a

According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words, you should have the greatest difficulty immediately recalling those

a. at the end of the list

b. at the beginning of the list

c. in the middle of the list

d. at the end and in the middle of the list

e. at the beginning and the end of the list

c

Hypnotically "refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate—especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions—because of

a. proactive interference

b. memory construction

c. state-dependent memory

d. encoding failure

b

Information is maintained in short-term memory only briefly unless it is

a. retrieved

b. iconic or echoic

c. encoded

d. rehearsed

c

A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being

a. negatively reinforced

b. punished

c. positively reinforced

d. extinguished

a

In which of the following may classical conditioning play a role?

a. helping drug addicts

b. emotional problems

c. the body's immune system

d. animals adaptation to the environment

e. all the above

e

When a conditional stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, __________will soon take place.

a. aversion

b. discrimination

c. generalization

d. spontaneous recovery

e. extinction

e

For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired purpose?

a. at least a half hour before

b. at the same time

c. immediately after

d. immediately before

e. in any of the above sequences

c

Fishing is reinforced according to which schedule?

a. continuous reinforcement

b. fixed-interval schedule

c. fixed-ratio schedule

d. partial (intermittent) reinforcement

d

The process of encoding refers to

a. the recall of information previously learned

b. getting information into memory

c. the motivated forgetting of painful memories

d. a clear memory of an emotionally significant event

e. the persistence of learning over time.

b

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

a. cognitive processes

b. observable behavior

c. genetic predispositions

d. all the above

b

Which of the following is not a negative reinforcer?

a. putting on a car seat belt to end the buzzing

b. taking a pain-killing medication to relieve body aches

c. scolding a child when going across the street without looking both ways

d. waking up to turn the alarm clock off

e. letting your little brother have more computer time so he'll stop nagging you

c

To help him remember the order of ingredients in difficult recipes, master chef Giulio often associates them with the route he walks to work each day. Giulio is using which mnemonic technique?

a. chunking

b. the method of loci

c. acronyms

d. peg-word system

b

Studies of amnesics suggest that

a. there are two distinct types of memory

b. memory losses following brain trauma are unpredictable

c. there are three distinct types of memory

d. memory is a single, unified system

e. brain trauma eliminates the ability to learn

a

Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because

a. behavior is not forgotten and may return

b. punishing stimuli often creates fear

c. punishment often increases aggressiveness

d. of all of these reasons

d

Albert Bandura observed that learning is not as laborious or hazardous if we learn from observing what others do and how they get rewarded. His theory of Social Learning stresses the importance of vicarious learning of others' rewards and punishments. He also recognized that people who believe their efforts will be successful and that they are in control have greater levels of _______________.

a. positive reinforcement

b. self-actualization

c. unconditional positive regard

d. modeling

e. self-efficacy

e

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

a. it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning

b. it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning

c. so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned

d. of all the above reasons

c

Lewis cannot remember the details of the torture he experienced as a prisoner of war. According to Freud, Lewis's failure to remember these painful memories is an example of:

a. implicit memory

b. repression

c. flashbulb memory

d. retrieval failure

e. state-dependent memory

b

One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

a. in classical conditioning, the responses operate on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli

b. in operant conditioning, the responses are reflexive

c. in operant conditioning, the responses are triggered by preceding stimuli

d. in classical conditioning, the responses are automatically elicited by stimuli

d

Operant conditioning is to __________ as classical conditioning is to __________.

a. Skinner; Pavlov

b. Pavlov; Skinner

c. Skinner; Bandura

d. Pavlov; Watson

a