AP Psych Unit 7 Part 1

Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Psychology

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

physiological need

a basic bodily requirement (food, water)

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates someone to satisfy the need

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimuli that lures or repels us

yerkes-dodson law

moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

arousal theory

people seek optimal levels of stimulation

hierarchy of needs

physiological needs must be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then physiological needs become more acute

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for the body

ghrelin

hormone that arouses the body with appetite

leptin

hormone that helps your body maintain your normal weight on a long-term basis

orexin

hormone that increases food intake by delaying the onset of a behaviourally normal satiety sequence

PYY

hormone that helps to reduce appetite and limit food intake

hypothalamus

a part of the brain that directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

lateral hypothalamus

part of the hypothalamus known as the hunger center, stimulates feeding behavior and arousal (hunger)

ventromedial hypothalamus

part of the hypothalamus that when stimulated, it causes the sensation of fullness

set point

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set

basal metabolic weight

the bodys resting rate of energy output

obesity

abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health

asexual

having no sexual attraction to others

testosterone

male sex hormone

estrogen

female sex hormone

sexual response cycle

four stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

alfred kinsey

psychologist who documented sexual lives and determined that sexual behavior comprises more than physical contact - it also includes desire, arousal, attraction, and fantasy.

masters and johnson

psychologists who researched into the understanding human sexual response, dysfunction, and disorders through direct observation

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

anterior cingulate cortex

cortex in the frontal lobe that plays a role in fundamental cognitive processes, including motivation, decision making, and learning

self-disclosure

sharing ourselves (wants, desires, hobbies) with others

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

james-lange theory

the theory that: stimulus → arousal → emotion

cannon-bard theory

the theory that: stimulus → arousal + emotion

two factor theory

the theory that: cognition + arousal = emotion

spillover effect

a stirred up state can be experienced as one emotion or another

polygraph test

a machine that measures a person's physiological responses when they respond to questions

zajonc and ledoux

some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal (low road)

lazarus

cognitive appraisal - sometimes without our awareness - defines emotion (high road)

carol izard

psychologist who believed there are 10 basic emotions - interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame and guilt

paul ekman

psychologist who believed there are 6 basic, innate emotions - joy, anger, sadness, surprise, fear, and disgust (content added later)

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions

stress

the process of appraising and responding to a threatenin gor challenging event

motivational conflicts theory

a situation in which a consumer is driven to make a decision based on conflicting goals, and they respond in 3 ways: approach–approach, approach–avoidance and avoidance-avoidance.

approach-approach

least stressful conflict choice, ex: chicken or pizza, music or dance lessons

avoidance-avoidance

kinda stressful conflict choice, ex: avoid studying or avoid failure, face wrath or keep the guilt

approach-avoidance

very stressful conflict choice, ex: choose to be in a relationship or escape/not ready

fight or flight

we either flee or engage to increase our chances of survival

general adaptation syndrome

a concept of the bodys adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

alarm reaction

one of the bodys adaptive responses to stress that activates the sympathetic nervous system. a shock

resistance

one of the bodys adaptive responses to stress that causes your heartbeat, respiratory rate, and body temp to remain high. your adrenal glands will pump hormones, and you are fully engaged

exhaustion

one of the bodys adaptive responses to stress that makes you more vulnerable to illness, collapse, or death

telomeres

part of DNA sequence that is part of the aging process; when it gets too short, the cell can no longer divide and it ultimately dies

tend and befriend response

under stress, people (esp. women) often provide support to others and bond with them, and seek support from others

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

psychoneuroimmunology

brach of health psychology that studies how the psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and overall health

coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

type A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

type B

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

catharsis

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety

mindfulness meditation

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

faith factor

Religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active, and can reduce overall stress

feel good, do good phenomenon

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

positive well being

one of positive psychology’s pillars, happiness is a by-product of a pleasant, engaged, and meaningful life

positive character

one of positive psychology’s pillars, focuses on exploring and enhancing creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality

positive environment

one of positive psychology’s pillars, seeks to foster a positive social ecology

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

martin seligman

a positive psychologist, believes there are three pillars to happiness in life

adaptation level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself