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Pagpapakatao And Other Essays In Contemporary Philosophy And Literature Of Ideas
Published in 2002 at the University of Santo Tomas (Manila)
Written by Florentino H. Hornedo
Phenomenology
Florentino H. Hornedo’s method
Kamalayan
Ayon kay Husserl
Binubuo ng:
Malay-tao (mulat!)
Nilalaman ng malay-tao (namamalayan ang nalalaman)
Nalalaman → Alam at Laman
Nasa larangan ng karanasan.
Katawan
Bilang PAG-AARI: Huwag mong tapakan ang aking paa!
Bilang METAPORA NG SARILI: Huwag mo ako tapakan!
Descartes
“The soul is disembodied; Thinking is represented by the soul, and the soul has the power to think even without the body.”
Husserl
The soul is NOT disembodied; Thinking is an experience
Malay-tao
Hindi siya calculator o based on syntax, isa siyang produkto ng pagka-mulat.
Conscious of Consciousness
Reaction response of the object (knowing it and being aware of it) and making meaning out of it.
Pagiging Malikhain
Ang sarili bilang isang proyekto
Bagay (products) at kahulugan (significance)
Paggawa/Pagtatrabaho
Isang likas na pangangailangan
Isang pagpapahayag ng sarili (pakinabang)
Kalooban
Metapobra ng palayok
Emmanuel Levinas
Nagsabi na “Nagtatrabaho lang ang tao para umalis sa bahay.”
Umalis sa bahay → Umalis sa comfort zone; takas sa ginhawa.
Palayok
Para kay Hornedo, ang kalooban ng tao ay isang __ kung saan makikita mo lang siya ‘pag sinilip mo ‘
Bilang Pagpapalakas
Freedom is an expression of power
Ang Pagpapalaya Bilang Pagbibigay-Lakas
Pagbibigay kakayahan
Social Dimension
Being accountable not for ourselves but usually for others.
Pananagutan
Lakas ng pandama
Sidhi ng pangangailangan
Moral (kasangkot ang iba)
Pagmamahal
umiiral sa larangan ng halaga
Pagmumura
Turing sa tao/bagay na walang halaga
Pagbibigay-loob (gift)
Katarungan
Bilang katuparan ng batas (jus)
Nakakabit sa pagmamahal (bilang unang batas ng Diyos)
Lipunan at Sarili
Likas na ugnayan
__ bago ang __
Karapatan Bilang Kaloob ng Lipunan
Malayang binibigay, ayon sa halaga ng tao
Para sa pagtubo (transcendence, development)
Proyekto Natin ang Isa’t-isa
WE Relationship
Ang tao ay tumatanggap at nagibigay ng kairalan at pag-unlad
Martin Buber and Karol Wojtyla
Nagsabi na I-Thou (ikaw) vs. I-It (ito)
Kamatayan Bilang Lakas
Ayon sa pagiging maka-kasaysayan ng tao
Heidegger
Ayon sa kaniya, “Iniisip habang buhay, isang karanasang pansarili”
Rahner
Ayon sa kaniya, “Nagbibigay pagkakataon na magpahalaga sa kalayaan”
Happening
Something that happens in man
Acting
Something which man acts upon
Human Act
Latin → Actus humanus
Stuff that we choose to do on our own will.
Telos
Every being has its own sense or purpose.
Finis Operis
End of the act taken in itself
The inherent goal or natural result of an act.
Finis Operantis
End as intented by the agent
The willed intention of the person who acts.
Personal Act
We chose to do an act, and no one can replace us from doing such an act. Therefore, we are responsible for the act
Knowledge
Elements of a Human Act
One knows the truth.
I am aware and know of what I am doing.
Voluntariness
Elements of Human Act
For its goodness one pursues the known truth.
Volition; I have decided to do something.
Freedom
One knowingly and willingly chooses.
There is an opportunity for me to use my power to choose; not forced to do it.
Object of the Act
Determined by the will as directed to the action per se.
Fitness of the Moral Object
This means that the goodness or evil of an action is found in whether or not the object of the moral action is a fitting object.
Intention
Determined by the will as directed to the agent.
Also known as MOTIVE.
An objectively good action, when done with an evil intention, becomes evil
Circumstance
Not a direct determinant of morality of human acts.
Affects morality by enhancing or aggravating the goodness or evil of an action.
Who
Seven Universal Circumstances
This indicates any special quality of the person involved in the moral act.
What
Seven Universal Circumstances
This indicates the quantity or quality of the moral object.
Where
Seven Universal Circumstances
This denotes the location where the act occurs.
By What Means
Seven Universal Circumstances
This considers the means employed to carry out an action.
Why
Seven Universal Circumstances
This refers to the purpose the action is done.
How
Seven Universal Circumstances
This indicates the manner by which an action is done.
When
Seven Universal Circumstances
This refers to the time element involved in the action involved, both in the quantity and quality aspect.
Constitutive
Refers to the nature of the action.
It is a natural effect.
Contingent
Based on circumstances, they may or may not happen.
It is undesired, unintended
Situation Ethics
A concept that is so centered on love that even if something is not benefiting us anymore or if it is something that is already affecting us negatively, we still have to love.
Joseph Fletcher
Who introduced Situation Ethics?
Agape
Greek concept of an all-giving love.
This love is unconditional and non-reciprocal.
Legalism
Blind observation of moral rules without being sensitive to situations
Simple deontology
Antinomianism
An “existential” view where one is always free to do whatever s/he wants in a situation.
The moral agent is random and erratic
Situationism
There is moral law, but there is only one moral law; Consequentialist
Rejects both legalism and antinomianism.
The Agape Calculus
We ought to always act so as to bring about the most love for the most people.
Pragmatism
It is practical if it works.
Effective.
Relativism
Sees how things are connected to one another; Asserts that there is no absolute, global law that applies to all people, for all time, and in all places.
Positivism
Made psychology clinical instead of physiological.
Looking at the human dimension but it is scientifically driven.
Personalism
Your decision will have to be connected to your individuality.
Derived not directly from a theory, but from our own moral position as an individual.
Philosophia
The highest act of the will towards the highest object of the mind.; love of wisdom
Thomas Aquinas
Who said this: “Philosophy is the science of the ultimate causes and principles of things through human reason alone.”
Geisteswissenschaften
Science of the spirit; is the one that affirms humanity.
Naturwissenschaften
Natural sciences; focused on the truth behind things.
Metaethics
Investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean.
The study of the origin and meaning of ethical concepts.
Voluntarism
God is in control of everything.
Objectivism
Moral values exist essentially and objectively, as they are beyond subjective human conventions.
They are absolute and eternal as they never change.
Golden Rule
A single principle against which we judge our other actions.
Normative Ethics
More practical, arrives at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct.
Covers good habits, duties, their benefits and consequences.
Virtue Theories
Encourages the formation of good habits, less emphasis on building rules.
Duty Theories
Also known as Deontological Ethics.
Also known as Non-consequentialist Ethics.
Morality based on obligation.
Consequentialist Theories
Also known as Teleological Theories (telos → end).
Moral theories that are purpose-oriented (cost benefit oriented, good oriented).
Ethical Egoism
Holds that an action is right if the consequences are more favorable than unfavorable only to the agent performing the action.
Individuals acting in their own self-interest.
Ethical Altruism
Holds that an action is right if the consequences are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone except the agent.
Advocates for actions that benefit others.
Utilitarianism
Holds that an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone.
Maximizing overall happiness or well-being.
Psychological Egoism
Every act is based from a selfish cause.
Psychological Altruism
Holds that there is an inherent psychological capacity to show benevolence to others.
Psychological Hedonism
Holds that pleasure is the driving force of actions (John Stuart Mill).
Applied Ethics
Involves examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war.
Nietzsche
Will to power (moral drive; decision)
To do something according to one’s goal.
Overcome → Transcend
Cultural Relativism
Each culture define its norms and has a right regardless of culture.
Depicts unique practices of a specific community that should be respected for their own context.
Universality
Also called Conventional Relativism.
Exact same universal standard applies directly for everyone regardless of culture.
Tough-Minded
Commitment to experience.
Going by the facts.
Materialist, empiricist, pessimistic, irreligious, sensationalistic, fatalistic, pluralistic, skeptical.
Tender-Minded
Taste for a priori principles.
Going by the principle.
Rationalistic, idealistic, optimistic, dogmatic, monistic, religious.
Pragmatism
The challenge is to reconcile “the scientific loyalty to facts” with “the old confidence in human values and the resultant spontaneity, whether of the religious or of the romantic type.”
The mediating philosophy that enables us to overcome the distinction between the tender-minded and the tough-minded.
Pragmatic Truth
True ideas are those that we can assimilate, validate, corroborate, and verify.
Truth is what works.
Determinism
Claims that the future is already contained in the present, it leads to pessimism as it means that evil actions are necessary and unavoidable and should not be regretted. But we experience the judgment of regret.
Indeterminism
There are real possibilities in the world and our action can make a decisive difference as to whether good or evil will triumph.
Change, Surprise, and Chance
Are regular parts of our experience.
Aguas
Who said this: “The true is whatever good and what is right. Truth is one specie of good, and not a category distinct from good. The true is only expedient in the way of our thinking, just as the ‘right’ is only the expedient in the way of our behaving… expedient… in the long run and on the whole.”
James Rachels
Who introduced Relativism?
Elements of Moral Philosophy
What was the name of the book that introduced Relativism?
Note
Flashcard