General Orientation of Human Anatomy

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

sagittial plane or median (midsagittal) plane

sectional plane that divides the body into left and right portions

frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions - perpendicular to the sagittal plane

tranverse plane, horizontal plane

passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis, divides body/organ into superior(upper) and inferior(lower)

ventral

toward the front, belly

dorsal

toward the back, spine

anterior

toward the ventral side

posterior

toward the dorsal side

cephalic

toward the head or superior end

rostral

toward the forehead or nose

caudal

toward the tail or inferior end

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

toward the median (sagittal) plane

lateral

away from the median (sagittal) plane

proximal

closer to the point of attachment or origin

distal

farther from the point of attachment or origin

lpsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on opposite sides of the body

superficial

closer to the body surface

deep

farther from the body surface

opp. ventral

dorsal

opp. anterior

posterior

opp. superior

inferior

opp. medial

lateral

opp. proximal

distal

opp. lpsilateral

contralateral

opp. superficial

deep

dorsum (comes from dorsal)

surface of foot and back of hand

axial region

includes the head, neck, and trunk

the trunk is divided into the...

thoracic region (above the diaphragm), and the abdominal region (below the diaphragm)

divide the abdomen into 4 quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants

3 lateral regions of abdomen grid (upper to lover)

hypochondriac, lumbar, and inguinal (iliac) regions.

3 medial regions on the abdomen (upper to lower)

epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (pubic)

appendicular region

upper and lower limbs (appendages/extremities)

upper limb include

arm (branchial region), forearm (antebranchial region), wrist (carpal region), hand (manual region), and fingers (digits)

lower limb includes

thigh (femoral region), leg(crural region), ankle(trasal region), fool(pedal region), and toes(digits)

a segment of a limp

a region between one joint and the next.

cranial cavity

enclosed by the cranium (braincase) contains the brain

vertebral canal

formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

meniges

3 layers of connective tissue around brain and spinal cord

meniges protect what else

the delicate nervous system tissue from the hard protective bone that encloses it

body cavities

spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

viscera

The internal organs of the body

trunk

chest, abdomen, and pelvis

coelum

space that forms within the trunk during embryonic development

serous membrane

thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa

mediastinum

thick wall that divides the thoracic cavity/region between the lungs, extending from the base of the neck to the diaphragm

pericardium

two layer membrane that covers the heart

visceral pericardium

inner layer of the pericardium, forms the surface of the heart itself

parietal pericardium/pericardial sac

outer layer of the pericardium

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

pericardial fluid

serous fluid between parietal & visceral pericardium; reduces friction when heart beats

the thoracic cavity contains the

left and right lungs

each lunch in enfolded by what

a membrane called the pleura

visceral pleura

forms the external surface of the lung

parietal pleura

lines inside of the rib cage

narrow, lubricated, space between visceral and parietal pleura

pleural fluic

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal(superior) and pelvic cavities (inferior)

the abdominopelvic cavity contains what two layered serous membrane

peritoneum

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity and keeps them in palce

peritoneal cavity

space between the parietal and visceral layers

what is the peritoneal cavity lubricated by

peritoneal fluid

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum

retroperitoneal organs

kidneys, uterus, adrenal glands, most of the pancreas, abnormal portions of two major blood vessels- aorta and inferior vena cava

organs that are circled by peritoneum and connected to the posterior body wall by peritoneal sheets are called

intraperitoneal

visceral peritoneum is also known as

mesentary

mesentary

points where it forms a transluscnect membranous curtain, suspending and anchoring the viscera

serosa

points where it enflods and covers outer surfaces of organs such as the stomach and small intestine.

greater omentum

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera(stomach and intestines)

lesser omentum

extends from stomach to liver

potential spaces

spaces between body membranes. named because under normal conditions, membranes are pressed firmly together and there is no actual space between them. However, membranes are not physically attached.

How many organ systems are in the human body?

11

Systems of protection, support, and movement

integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system

systems of internal communication and integration

nervous system and endocrine system

systems of fluid transport

circulatory system and lymphatic system

systems of intake and output

respiratory system, urinary system, digestive system

systems of reproduction

male reproductive system

female reproductive system