APUSH Period 7 Part 2

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

buying on margin

the purchasing of stocks by paying only a small percentage of the price and borrowing the rest

Stock Speculation

engagement in business transactions involving considerable risk but offering the chance of large gains, esp. trading in commodities, stocks, etc., in the hope of profit from changes in the market price

Underlying Causes of the Great Depression

Overproduction of agriculture and industry

Increased productivity because of technology

Workers wages did not increase enough

Over reliance on credit

Not paying back war debts

High Tariffs

Stock Market Crash

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates

Effects of the Great Depression

- Many banks fail.

- Many businesses and factories fail.

- Millions of Americans are out of work.

- Many are homeless and hungry.

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

Party: Republican

Major Events: Great Depression; Promoted attitude of rugged individualism

Rugged Individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

debt moratorium

Suspension on the payment of international debts as a result of economic depression in 1931.

Farm Board

Created in 1929 before the crash but supported and enacted to meet the economic crisis and help farmers. Authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 under Hoover to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Bonus Army March

Protest organized by WWI veterans who were demanding the payment of the service bonus they had been promised after the war. Hoover refused.

Mexican Repatriation

Forced migration of approximately one million Mexicans and Mexican Americans to Mexico between 1929-1937. 60% of people deported were actually children born in the United States.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. She was the eyes and ears for him throughout the Depression & WWII. In addition was a great supporter of civil rights opposing Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Three R's of the New Deal

♦"Relief" - for people out of work

♦"Recovery" - for businesses & the economy

♦"Reform" - of American economic institutions

Brain Trust, 1930s

A group of university professors, outside the presidential cabinet, who served as advisors to Roosevelt. They included Raymond Moley, Rexford Tugwell, and Adolph A. Berle.

— The use of the group demonstrated Roosevelt's pragmatic nature that looked for results rather than ideological purity.

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

First Hundred Days

This is the term applied to President Roosevelt's first three months in taking office. During this time, FDR had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation that would revolutionize the role of the federal government from that point on.

Bank Holiday 1933

FDR declared that all banks were to be closed on March 6, 1933. A few days later he allowed the reopening of economically sound banks.

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Public Works Administration (PWA)

New Deal agency that provided millions of jobs constructing public buildings

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Federal project to provide inexpensive electric power, flood control, and recreational opportunities to the Tennessee River valley.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

the government agency that insures customer deposits if a bank fails

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. Later would be found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

10th Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Schechter v. US

Supreme Court declared that the NRA was unconstitutional

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.

Wagner Act (1935)

(National Labor Relations Act) gives workers the right to organize a union and bargain with management

Social Security Act

1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

New Deal Coalition

Alliance of southern conservatives, religious, and ethnic minorities who supported the Democratic Party for 40 years

Modern American Liberalism

role for government programs to meet social needs and regulate economy

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Fair Labor Standard Act

1938 law that set a minimum wage, a maximum work week of 40 hours, and outlawed child labor

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

Doretha Lange

Photographer that showed the world the desperation and bravery of families displaced

by the Dust bowl. Her most famous photographs, the "Migrant Mother" series

War Production Board

Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled.

Office of Price Administration

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

Office of War Information

established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort.

Double V Campaign

African American strategy to defeat Hitler's racism abroad as well as racism at home

Japanese Internment

This term describes the event in which FDR ordered all Japanese Americans to be put in relocation camps, Korematsu vs. U.S. ruled that it was constitutionally permissible

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

D-Day Invasion

June 6, 1944 Allied troops landed at Normandy Beach to start liberating France from German control

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Holocaust

genocide of Jews during World War II

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

Nuremberg Trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

Yalta Conference (1945)

Between Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill. Discussed: Germany Occupation- 4 zones, Eastern Europe free elections, Soviets enter war against Japan (8/8/45), formation of the United Nations

Potsdamn Declaration

Ultimatum sent to Japan in July 1945 threatened "prompt and utter destruction" if they did not comply.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

Stalin

Dictator of the Soviet Union; led the SU through World War II and created a powerful Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe after the war

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Propaganda

Information from the government to sway the public's opinion. America used this method to try to encourage people to go to war and step up and help.

Total War Economy

channeling entire nation's entire resources into war efforts